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Not Available ; Crop improvement is critical for the sustainable production of crops that contribute to healthy diets, alleviation of hunger and poverty, and enhanced quality of life for people across diverse social economic strata around the world. The development and improvement of crops that can cope with the extreme biotic and abiotic stresses brought about by climate change is probably one of the most important steps that can be taken by any country to ensure a plentiful, healthy, and nutritious food supply for its population. This requires the use of all tools and technologies in the development of new and improved crop cultivars. Maize, rice, and vegetables (tomatoes and bananas) are important crops grown in Tanzania and production has steadily increased for the past 40 years. However, yield per unit area is generally very low, Maize averages 1.4 t/ha while the potential yield is 5 t/ha and rice averages 0.5-2 for upland ecologies and 4.5-6.0 t/ha for irrigated ecologies compared to the potential yield of 5t/ha and 10-11 t/ha respectively. Tomato production is higher than other vegetable crops in Tanzania, with a total annual production of 129,578 t, representing 51% of the total vegetable production. Average tomato yield is from 2.2 to 3.3 t/ha which is far below the world average of 27.5 t/ha. This stands in contrast to overall global production of maize, rice, and tomatoes which averaged 34, 21, and 43%, respectively, over the same time period, mainly through crop improvement programs and the use of new technologies. The innovative Agricultural Research Initiative (iAGRI), is a project that is being implemented within the framework of the US Government's Global hunger and Food Security Initiative (GHFSI). This study was commissioned by iAGRI to develop a research background paper on crop improvement strategies for maize, rice and selected horticultural crops, the focus crops of Feed the Future project. The information was obtained through review of available literature and consultation with relevant scientists and stakeholders ; Not Available

[EN] The long tradition of tomato cultivation in Italy has allowed the evolution of a wide diversity of traditional varieties or landraces that have been cultivated for centuries and many of them are still common in the local markets. Adaptation to peculiar climatic and edaphic conditions, the geographical isolation of several growing areas, the specific agro-technique, the local gardners' selection, also based on consumers's sensory preferences, have resulted in groups of landraces distributed not only by region but also by sub-regional areas. In most cases, the cultivation of these Italian landraces covers very limited areas being carried out in family gardens for personal consumption and/or in small-size farms that, therefore, play a key role in the on farm maintenance of this precious germplasm, which in many cases is risking extinction. The Campania region has been, and still is, an important area for tomato production with a long tradition in the selection, cultivation and processing of the crop, resulting in a rich reservoir of valuable tomato landraces. So far, only three Italian tomato landraces have been granted a Protected Geographical Status under European Union law, the PGI "Pomodoro di Pachino" form Sicily, and the two PDOs "Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino" and the "Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio" from Campania. This short review will address some of the most popular landraces of the Campania region, with a particular focus on the two PDOs. ; [ES] La larga tradición del cultivo del tomate en Italia ha permitido la evolución de una amplia diversidad de variedades tradicionales o variedades autóctonas que han sido cultivadas durante siglos, muchas de las cuales siguen siendo comunes en los mercados locales. La adaptación a las peculiares condiciones climáticas y edáficas, el aislamiento geográfico de varias zonas de cultivo, las técnicas de cultivo específicas, la selección de los agricultores locales, también basada en las preferencias sensoriales de los consumidores, han dado ...

Pakistan is blessed with vast agricultural resources on
account of its fertile land, well-irrigated plains, huge irrigation
system and infrastructure, variety of weathers, and centuries old
experiences of farming. Agriculture is the single largest sector of the
economy which contributes 20.9 percent in GDP and employees 43.4 percent
of total work force. The estimated GDP of agricultural crops at current
factor cost is Rs 1,608,522 million with major crops contributing Rs
579996 million and minor crops valued at Rs 191,835 million for the year
2006-07 [Pakistan (2007)]. The horticulture crops (fruits, vegetables
and condiments) alone contribute Rs 116.645 billion, equivalent to US$ 2
billion, which is 26 percent of the total value of all crops and 81.8
percent of the total value of minor crops. Pakistan annually produces
about 12.0 million tons of fruits and vegetables. Fruit and vegetable
export trade in Pakistan amounts to US$ 134 million (2003-04), of which
fruits account for US$ 102.7 million (76.6 percent), vegetables US$ 25.7
million (19.2 percent) and fruit and vegetable preparations (mostly
juices) US$ 5.6 million which is 4.2 percent [Pakistan (2004)]
.

Ghana's commitment to the tomato sector has its roots in the 1960s when three large tomato processing plants were established in the country. Though set up as part of President Nkrumah's development plan for Ghana, the current rationale for these processors typically is that they could be a solution to the perennial "gluts" in the tomato sector. And indeed processing to reduce gluts remains a popular refrain in the media and in government pronouncements. However, since they were opened, the processors have run considerably under capacity, if at all. Over the past two decades processing has all but stopped; yields and production of fresh tomato in Ghana have stagnated and possibly fallen; while in parallel, imports of fresh tomato from Burkina Faso and tomato paste from the EU and China have increased dramatically. There are limited time-series or recent data on yields, areas, or overall production of tomato. Data collection at the national level for tomato and other vegetables by SRID/MoFA stopped at the end of the 1980s, reflecting a lower commitment to vegetables than the main food security staples. Good research into the tomato sector has been funded and undertaken, but in isolation of any commitment to follow through with project recommendations. Against this backdrop, we consider the role of various institutions in agriculture, and specifically in Ghana's tomato sector. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP32; GSSP ; DSGD

A method consisting of the alkaline hydrolysis of tomato pomace by-products has been optimized to obtain a mixture of unsaturated and polyhydroxylated fatty acids as well as a non-hydrolysable secondary residue. Reaction rates and the activation energy of the hydrolysis were calculated to reduce costs associated with chemicals and energy consumption. Lipid and non-hydrolysable fractions were chemically (infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) and thermally (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) characterized. In addition, the fatty acid mixture was used to produce cutin-based polyesters. Freestanding films were prepared by non-catalyzed melt-polycondensation and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflected-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), DSC, TGA, Water Contact Angles (WCA), and tensile tests. These bio-based polymers were hydrophobic, insoluble, infusible, and thermally stable, their physical properties being tunable by controlling the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen in the reaction. The participation of an oxidative crosslinking side reaction is proposed to be responsible for such modifications. ; Andalusian Regional Government P11-TEP-7418 ; Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2015-65246-R and AGL2017-83036-R ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) AGL2015-65246-R and AGL2017-83036-R

13 páginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 3 tablas.-- 47referencias.-- : The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/11/2211/s1.__ This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymeric Composites: Development and Industrial Applications ; A method consisting of the alkaline hydrolysis of tomato pomace by-products has been optimized to obtain a mixture of unsaturated and polyhydroxylated fatty acids as well as a nonhydrolysable secondary residue. Reaction rates and the activation energy of the hydrolysis were calculated to reduce costs associated with chemicals and energy consumption. Lipid and nonhydrolysable fractions were chemically (infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) and thermally (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) characterized. In addition, the fatty acid mixture was used to produce cutin-based polyesters. Freestanding films were prepared by non-catalyzed melt-polycondensation and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflected-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), DSC, TGA, Water Contact Angles (WCA), and tensile tests. These bio-based polymers were hydrophobic, insoluble, infusible, and thermally stable, their physical properties being tunable by controlling the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen in the reaction. The participation of an oxidative crosslinking side reaction is proposed to be responsible for such modifications. ; This research was funded by the Andalusian Regional Government (Junta de Andalucía) under the Motriz Program, project No. P11-TEP-7418 and to the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), projects No. AGL2015-65246-R and AGL2017-83036-R ; Peer reviewed

The advantage of FLORA LED lighting in comparison with HPS lamps for cultivation of tall tomato varieties under production conditions is shown. Under LED illumination with well-balanced spectral composition, the main growth and physiological parameters of tomato juvenile plants (such as dry weight and accumulation of dry matter of vegetative organs, content of photosynthetic pigments, rate of oxygen release during photosynthesis, coefficient of photosynthetic efficiency, time of flowering onset) were superior to plants grown under HPS lamp illumination. It is assumed that increased photosynthetic activity, as well as more intensive growth and development processes provided a higher adaptive potential and survival during transplantation, early fruiting. and higher yields to plants grown under LED lighting.

Abstract: The aim of this programme is to provide farmers with tools for processing tomato crop management in various conditions in order to satisfy all of the following objectives: to produce a given yield of tomatoes, of good market and hygienic quality (given dry matter content, given pH, absence of chemical compounds harmful to human health) for the production of paste; to minimize the use of chemicals for crop protection; to avoid the release of nitrate to the soil; to reduce production costs. A technical itinerary is defined here as the reasoning and the resulting set of decision rules utilized for the application of cultural techniques to obtain a given production (quantity and quality), with controlled effects on the environment and according to socio-economic constraints. Based on this definition, a model technical itinerary, TImod, was constructed. TImod was expected to be valid in a wide range of constraint sets. At present, the construction of TImod has led to a set of about 100 rules and subrules and some of them have been formalized in computer software. TImod is being tested experimentally over 3 years from 1997 by 10 scientific partners from 5 countries, operating in 10 locations in the main areas of processing tomato production in the European Union. Observations are made at various stages of the crop to ascertain whether the anticipated behaviour of the environment and the crop has been achieved. In each location another treatment (TIloc) consists in cultivating processing tomato with the same framework of objectives and constraints as TImod, according to a local expert using the current technical knowledge in the given area.

The use of pesticides to control agricultural pests both benefits farm production and imposes health and environmental costs on producers and society. This title, first published in 1988, includes an application of the author's methodology to tomato production, in which Antle illuminates the roles that alternative methods of pest management play in producer welfare. He also develops a more general empirical framework for studying producer welfare under uncertainty - a framework in which production risk, sequential decision making, and attitudes toward risk are integrated. This title will be of

Abstract Trade barriers can cause output to be diverted to other countries and into other products. We study the effect of a voluntary price restraint (VPR) on Mexican tomatoes entering the United States. The diversion caused by the VPR is statistically and economically significant – representing over four‐fifths of the direct effects of the trade barrier. When the VPR was binding, Mexico exported more tomatoes to Canada, the United States cut back on exports while Canada increased their exports to the United States. The VPR also diverted fresh tomatoes in Mexico into paste production, which was then exported to the United States.