Suchergebnisse

The article presents various opinions of scientists about the punishment system, and also considers the provisions of the punishment system of the criminal legislation of Vietnam. The main and additional types of punishments for an individual and a commercial legal entity are disclosed, as well as the general principles of imposing punishment in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Code of Vietnam. The main directions of development and improvement of the system of punishments under Vietnamese criminal law through the introduction of Russian scientific achievements in this area have been determined.

ABSTRACT: At the present, labor legislation is at a crossroads, the changes at both national and European level have shown that a radical change of vision on working relations is necessary. One of the most recent legislative changes is the regulation of a new type of special contract – tele-working. In support of the flexibility of the labor relations and their modernization. Romanian legislation has adapted to these requirements, by adopting the Law no. 81/2018 on regulation of teleworking activity, in force since April 5, 2018. The scope of the Law is undefined, while the text of Art. 1 par. (2) regulates that "This law shall apply in the fields of activity where it is possible to carry out tele-work activity". In other words, without specifying who is the addressees of the law, it concerns a category of employees who are connected to the realities of communication technology in a broad sense, to the latest news of the field in which they work and, in general, to the daily universe through the Internet, social networking and mobile applications. In other words, the recipients are the workers involved in the information society through its use and development, and not every worker holding a terminal that can connect to information and communication technology, since it is a "tele-employee" only the one who is willing to use the equipment needed to deliver the result of his work in an employment relationship, of course in agreement with the employer. KEYWORDS: labor legislation, labor relations, tele-work, tele-employees

AbstractWorking with the families of origin of children and adolescents (CA) who are in the CA protection system is essential to achieve reunification, which is the ultimate objective when planning foster care; it is a scientific, social and professional challenge that must be included in the legislation of each country. For this, it is essential that the laws consider and regulate the participation of families in decision‐making during foster care and subsequent reunification processes. We analysed 22 laws enacted through Spanish legislation, both national and regional, that regulate the protection of children. The study focuses on analysing how the Spanish legislation contemplates the participation of parents during foster care and subsequent reunification. The Spanish legislative texts do not expressly, clearly and effectively include the participation of parents. They are limited to the punctual recognition of acts of notification and hearing and, where appropriate, of opposition to certain resolutions. Spain lacks a general legal framework that supports and guarantees the necessary participation of the family in the protection system. The focus on the recognition of the rights of CA in laws as a result of international pressure has relegated the legal protection of the rights of parents, mainly in their right to be heard.

The main purpose of robbing freedom is represented in rehabilitation of the convicted Person according to the modern Punishment Policy and making him ready to live normally which goes with the law rules. That cant be achieved unless there is a disciplinary system in the punitive organization to be sure that rehabilitating methods are applied without hinders. In order to achieve that, a group of disciplinary punishments must be applied on those who want to rebel against the organization system. These punishments must be implemented in human ways that keep the dignity and feelings of the sentenced person and goes with modern development which happened to robbing freedom on the disciplinary system in the punitive organization. Supporting the system in the punishment organization is not restricted on imposing disciplinary punishments, there must be another method to be used by the punitive Punishment to support this system such as presenting rewards to those who behave well from the prisoners . The modern legislations focused on its forms and they aim at the same purpose which the disciplinary punishments aim at and it connects with it strongly, which can be considered two elements into one system. That has a significant role in the modern punitive system.

In the article, the authors analyze the emergence and evolution, traditions and innovations of railway transport legislation in light of the main trends of Russian economic development since the end of the 19th century. The article summarizes the authors' analysis of the legal provisions used to regulate the transportation of goods. The relation between of private and public legal structures was revealed; the features of the regulation of railway transport relations in the recent history of the country were established. Following the study, a number of conclusions were drawn regarding ways to improve existing legislation.

Research on the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on unemployment is extensive. However, results are ambiguous and were not able to show a clear pattern of how EPL is affecting labour market outcomes. Recent research has focussed on the effect of EPL on youth unemployment, linking higher protection to higher unemployment among young labour market entrants compared to their adult peers. Moreover, it is argued that EPL might not have a universal effect on youth unemployment but must be considered in an interplay of institutional factors, including vocational specificity. Based on these findings, this thesis provides a comprehensive assessment of the effects of EPL and vocational specificity on the labour market chances of young people compared to adults. As young people in particular often find their way into the labour market via temporary contracts, it is distinguished between EPL for regular and temporary contracts. A total of 28 OECD countries are examined from 1985 to 2013 using OECD data. In line with previous research, there appear to be no main effects of regular EPL or the vocational specificity on its own on the level of youth unemployment or the youth-to-adult unemployment ratio, but there is a positive effect of temporary EPL on the youth-to-adult ratio. This suggests that especially for young people deregulation of these contracts – contrary to the usual theoretical assumptions – can have a positive effect on their labour market situation. Keywords: Labour market; EPL; unemployment; youth; education. ; Research on the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on unemployment is extensive. However, results are ambiguous and were not able to show a clear pattern of how EPL is affecting labour market outcomes. Recent research has focussed on the effect of EPL on youth unemployment, linking higher protection to higher unemployment among young labour market entrants compared to their adult peers. Moreover, it is argued that EPL might not have a universal effect on youth unemployment but must be considered in an interplay of institutional factors, including vocational specificity. Based on these findings, this thesis provides a comprehensive assessment of the effects of EPL and vocational specificity on the labour market chances of young people compared to adults. As young people in particular often find their way into the labour market via temporary contracts, it is distinguished between EPL for regular and temporary contracts. A total of 28 OECD countries are examined from 1985 to 2013 using OECD data. In line with previous research, there appear to be no main effects of regular EPL or the vocational specificity on its own on the level of youth unemployment or the youth-to-adult unemployment ratio, but there is a positive effect of temporary EPL on the youth-to-adult ratio. This suggests that especially for young people deregulation of these contracts – contrary to the usual theoretical assumptions – can have a positive effect on their labour market situation. Keywords: Labour market; EPL; unemployment; youth; education.

ABSTRACT The homegardens result from collective learning and fulfill environmental services, contributing to the agrobiodiversity conservation and food security. The present study analyzed whether legal mechanisms incorporate concepts on environmental services and if legal frameworks in the state of São Paulo include homegardens as a feasible system for restoration of legal reserve (RL) area. Revisions of Law nº 12.651/2012 and resolutions SMA nº 44/2008 and SMA nº 32/2014 were carried out. For each attribute regarding the environmental services, grades from zero (absent) to two (explicitly described) were assigned. In the legal frameworks, the concepts concerning production, regulation and support were present, with the absence of cultural ones. For the adoption of homegardes as a viable system for restoration in legal reserve area, precepts should be changed regarding the presence of exotic species, management and monitoring practices required in legal frameworks.

This article has been retracted from the journal Diponegoro Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2, October 2019.Please refer to the article THE EVALUATION OF SURROGACY'S LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AS COMPARISON TO INDIA'S LEGISLATION on the following link: https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/eJLH/article/view/10842

Aid and loan funds are a self-help institution in the work environment. The Act of 11 August 2021 on aid and loan funds regulates their status for the first time in a comprehensive manner. The article presents issues related to their organization and functioning in the Polish legal system.

Juvenile justice policies in New York State put adolescents at risk for experiencing trauma in the criminal justice system. As a result of their precarious stage of development and limitations in brain functioning, adolescents face grave consequences when prosecuted and sentenced as adults. Adolescents need to be given sustainable solutions through rehabilitation in order to discourage recidivism upon release. Juvenile justice is not accomplishing its goals of lowering crime rates, nor is it working to reduce recidivism. These realities, in addition to theory, help to prove that reform is necessary.

Adoption of organic animal production legislation, particularly at the Community level, is done with a spirit of compromise and an attempt to reach consensus. In this sense, legal tools are used to solve technical problems so that an appreciable number of derogations (exceptions) are introduced. These may allow the use of certain feed additives, tethered animals or even application of castration. However, derogations should be avoided in legislation where harmonization is pursued, since they bring about distortion in the marketing of organic products. The validity of these derogations has expiry dates. However, at least the EU was hesitant to proceed with the necessary amendments to lift these derogations so that eliminate ambiguities and block loopholes. In turn, mention is made to geographical issues raised from the exceptions question posed again with the new EU Regulations. Furthermore some thoughts are expressed concerning the relationship between setting standards and the crucial role of values in agriculture, organic in particular, social aspects and pursued policy. Finally, the essential feature of this work is that derogations in legislation inevitably lead to conventionalization of organic animal production, which necessitates the clear definition of "organic". To substantiate this, relevant arguments are put forward.