International audience ; In a context of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation but decreasing resources devoted to species management, measuring the impact of actions is critically needed so as to optimise conservation practices. Long-term longitudinal data collected on marked individuals allow for an assessment of the demographic response of a population to conservation actions while accounting for potential confounding factors. This study focused on the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture in southeastern France, which experienced food shortages induced by major changes in habitat and sanitary legislation limiting the abandonment of dead animals in the field. The survival rates and population dynamics of the Egyptian vulture were computed, following the implementation of supplementary feeding stations, while accounting for the potential variation in environmental conditions on wintering grounds, reproduction and immigration. An integrated population model (IPM) was used to combine capture-resighting data with recoveries of dead birds, breeding surveys and counts of territorial pairs over a 16-year period. Results showed that the implementation of vulture restaurants improved the local survival rates and successfully stabilised the local demography of Egyptian vultures; this despite a reduction in average fecundity due to compensatory density feedback. Moreover, throughout the study period, about two thirds of the new recruits into the breeding population were immigrants, suggesting immigration constantly sustained the Egyptian vulture population in southeastern France. However, we did not detect any effect of vulture restaurants on the immigration rate, indicating that the improvement of local survival by vulture restaurants remained the main driver of the positive shift in the population dynamics. This study highlights the positive impact of vulture restaurants on Egyptian vulture population restoration by compensating for natural food limitations. It ...
International audience ; In a context of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation but decreasing resources devoted to species management, measuring the impact of actions is critically needed so as to optimise conservation practices. Long-term longitudinal data collected on marked individuals allow for an assessment of the demographic response of a population to conservation actions while accounting for potential confounding factors. This study focused on the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture in southeastern France, which experienced food shortages induced by major changes in habitat and sanitary legislation limiting the abandonment of dead animals in the field. The survival rates and population dynamics of the Egyptian vulture were computed, following the implementation of supplementary feeding stations, while accounting for the potential variation in environmental conditions on wintering grounds, reproduction and immigration. An integrated population model (IPM) was used to combine capture-resighting data with recoveries of dead birds, breeding surveys and counts of territorial pairs over a 16-year period. Results showed that the implementation of vulture restaurants improved the local survival rates and successfully stabilised the local demography of Egyptian vultures; this despite a reduction in average fecundity due to compensatory density feedback. Moreover, throughout the study period, about two thirds of the new recruits into the breeding population were immigrants, suggesting immigration constantly sustained the Egyptian vulture population in southeastern France. However, we did not detect any effect of vulture restaurants on the immigration rate, indicating that the improvement of local survival by vulture restaurants remained the main driver of the positive shift in the population dynamics. This study highlights the positive impact of vulture restaurants on Egyptian vulture population restoration by compensating for natural food limitations. It ...
International audience ; In a context of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation but decreasing resources devoted to species management, measuring the impact of actions is critically needed so as to optimise conservation practices. Long-term longitudinal data collected on marked individuals allow for an assessment of the demographic response of a population to conservation actions while accounting for potential confounding factors. This study focused on the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture in southeastern France, which experienced food shortages induced by major changes in habitat and sanitary legislation limiting the abandonment of dead animals in the field. The survival rates and population dynamics of the Egyptian vulture were computed, following the implementation of supplementary feeding stations, while accounting for the potential variation in environmental conditions on wintering grounds, reproduction and immigration. An integrated population model (IPM) was used to combine capture-resighting data with recoveries of dead birds, breeding surveys and counts of territorial pairs over a 16-year period. Results showed that the implementation of vulture restaurants improved the local survival rates and successfully stabilised the local demography of Egyptian vultures; this despite a reduction in average fecundity due to compensatory density feedback. Moreover, throughout the study period, about two thirds of the new recruits into the breeding population were immigrants, suggesting immigration constantly sustained the Egyptian vulture population in southeastern France. However, we did not detect any effect of vulture restaurants on the immigration rate, indicating that the improvement of local survival by vulture restaurants remained the main driver of the positive shift in the population dynamics. This study highlights the positive impact of vulture restaurants on Egyptian vulture population restoration by compensating for natural food limitations. It ...
International audience ; In a context of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation but decreasing resources devoted to species management, measuring the impact of actions is critically needed so as to optimise conservation practices. Long-term longitudinal data collected on marked individuals allow for an assessment of the demographic response of a population to conservation actions while accounting for potential confounding factors. This study focused on the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture in southeastern France, which experienced food shortages induced by major changes in habitat and sanitary legislation limiting the abandonment of dead animals in the field. The survival rates and population dynamics of the Egyptian vulture were computed, following the implementation of supplementary feeding stations, while accounting for the potential variation in environmental conditions on wintering grounds, reproduction and immigration. An integrated population model (IPM) was used to combine capture-resighting data with recoveries of dead birds, breeding surveys and counts of territorial pairs over a 16-year period. Results showed that the implementation of vulture restaurants improved the local survival rates and successfully stabilised the local demography of Egyptian vultures; this despite a reduction in average fecundity due to compensatory density feedback. Moreover, throughout the study period, about two thirds of the new recruits into the breeding population were immigrants, suggesting immigration constantly sustained the Egyptian vulture population in southeastern France. However, we did not detect any effect of vulture restaurants on the immigration rate, indicating that the improvement of local survival by vulture restaurants remained the main driver of the positive shift in the population dynamics. This study highlights the positive impact of vulture restaurants on Egyptian vulture population restoration by compensating for natural food limitations. It ...
International audience ; In a context of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation but decreasing resources devoted to species management, measuring the impact of actions is critically needed so as to optimise conservation practices. Long-term longitudinal data collected on marked individuals allow for an assessment of the demographic response of a population to conservation actions while accounting for potential confounding factors. This study focused on the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture in southeastern France, which experienced food shortages induced by major changes in habitat and sanitary legislation limiting the abandonment of dead animals in the field. The survival rates and population dynamics of the Egyptian vulture were computed, following the implementation of supplementary feeding stations, while accounting for the potential variation in environmental conditions on wintering grounds, reproduction and immigration. An integrated population model (IPM) was used to combine capture-resighting data with recoveries of dead birds, breeding surveys and counts of territorial pairs over a 16-year period. Results showed that the implementation of vulture restaurants improved the local survival rates and successfully stabilised the local demography of Egyptian vultures; this despite a reduction in average fecundity due to compensatory density feedback. Moreover, throughout the study period, about two thirds of the new recruits into the breeding population were immigrants, suggesting immigration constantly sustained the Egyptian vulture population in southeastern France. However, we did not detect any effect of vulture restaurants on the immigration rate, indicating that the improvement of local survival by vulture restaurants remained the main driver of the positive shift in the population dynamics. This study highlights the positive impact of vulture restaurants on Egyptian vulture population restoration by compensating for natural food limitations. It ...
SummaryThe relationship between the return of menstruation and ovulation and the pattern of breast-feeding was studied in a group of 29 women in a rural area of Mexico; eight non-breast-feeding post-partum women were also studied. The return of ovulation was assessed by weekly determinations of urinary pregnanediol. The number of suckling episodes and supplementary feeds was recorded. The cumulative probability of resumption of menses for the breast-feeders was 28% and 52% at 3 and 6 months, respectively, and for the non-breast-feeders was 75% and 88%. The cumulative probability of ovulation for the breast-feeders was 28%, 66%, 69% and 72% at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively, and for the non-breast-feeders was 50% and 100% at 3 and 6 months. The earlier the introduction of supplements the earlier the return of ovulation. The nonovulatory subjects maintained a higher frequency of suckling episodes than did the ovulatory subjects. The cumulative probability of pregnancy for the breast-feeders was 3%, 7%, 7% and 10% at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively, and for the non-breast-feeders was 13%, 38% and 50% at 3, 6 and 9 months.
Background: To address gaps in coverage and quality of nutrition services, Alive & Thrive (A&T) strengthened the delivery of maternal nutrition interventions through government antenatal care (ANC) services in Uttar Pradesh, India. The impact evaluation of the A&T interventions compared intensive (I-ANC) to standard (S-ANC) areas and found modest impacts on micronutrient supplementation, dietary diversity, and weight gain monitoring. Objectives: This study examined intervention-specific program impact pathways (PIP) and identified reasons for limited impacts of the A&T maternal nutrition intervention package. Methods: We used mixed methods: frontline workers surveys (FLWs, n∼500); counseling observations (n = 407); and qualitative in-depth interviews with FLWs, supervisors, and block-level staff (n = 59). We assessed seven PIP domains: training and materials, knowledge, supportive supervision, supply chains, data use, service delivery, and counseling. Results: Exposure to training improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas with more job aids used in I-ANC versus S-ANC (90 vs.70%), but gaps remained for training content and refresher trainings. FLW's knowledge improvement was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (22–36 percentage points), but knowledge on micronutrient supplement benefits and recommended foods was insufficient (90%), but supportive supervision was limited by staff vacancies and competing work priorities. Supplies of iron-folic acid and calcium supplements were low in both areas (30–50% stock-outs). Use of monitoring data during review meetings was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (52 vs. 36%), but was constrained by time, understanding, and data quality. Service provision improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas, but counseling on supplement benefits and weight gain monitoring were low (30–40%). Conclusions: Systems-strengthening efforts improved maternal nutrition interventions in ANC, but gaps remained. Taking an intervention-specific perspective to the PIP analysis in this package of services was critical to understand how common and specific barriers influenced overall program impact. ; PR ; IFPRI3; ISI; Alive and Thrive; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; CRP4; IFPRIOA ; PHND; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)
[ES]: Los buitres y el hombre han convivido históricamente gracias a unos beneficios recíprocos. Tradicionalmente los carroñeros se alimentaban de los cadáveres que los ganaderos le proporcionaban y éstos se deshacían de restos que podían provocar focos de infección. Sin embargo, ya en el último siglo, la densidad y tendencias demográficas de las aves carroñeras se ha visto modelada por la mano del hombre de forma decisiva. Por un lado ha desencadenado factores de mortalidad no naturales relacionados con la persecución directa (disparos, uso de cebos envenenados) e indirecta (colisiones y electrocuciones con líneas eléctricas y más recientemente colisiones con aerogeneradores, ingestión de productos veterinarios) han afectado a la demografía y dinámica poblacional de diferentes especies. Por otro, ha creado "muladares" puntos de alimentación suplementaria que modificaron la calidad del hábitat distorsionando un escenario natural que originalmente ofrecía recursos impredecibles en el tiempo y en el espacio y que ahora pasaban a ser del todo predecibles. La dependencia creada a los buitres como consecuencia de la artificialización de su hábitat se ha visto drásticamente modificada con la aplicación de leyes sanitarias muy estrictas derivadas de la aparición de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina. Este nuevo elemento provocó una importante reducción de los recursos alimenticios y el cierre de muchos puntos de alimentación suplementaria cuyos efectos y consecuencias, además de la reducción de los parámetros reproductivos y la previsible ralentización del crecimiento poblacional, están todavía por cuantificar. En este complejo escenario, las actuaciones futuras deben tener en cuenta todos los factores y elementos que han arrojado información sobre los pros y contras de las estrategias de manejo, muy especialmente la alimentación suplementaria, que se utiliza masivamente en proyectos de reintroducción y conservación que en muchos casos se han basado en medidas no evaluadas con criterios científicos. En el presente capítulo revisamos algunos ejemplos y proponemos algunas medidas de manejo y gestión futuras que deberían priorizar en favorecer las bajas de la ganadería extensiva para que el alimento se presente de forma heterogénea y lo más natural posible. La presencia aleatoria de cadáveres en el campo debe ser la forma más adecuada de gestionar y conservar a las aves carroñeras evitándose así además algunos graves problemas derivados de una gestión intensiva del ganado y de sus restos. Sólo con estrategias similares será posible regular la capacidad de carga del medio estableciendo densidades acordes a la calidad (natural) del hábitat. El reto de los gestores es lidiar con las legislaciones sanitarias modernas y vertebrar la presencia de carroñas en los ecosistemas con la necesidad de eliminar los residuos ganaderos y la conservación de las especies. Sólo de este modo las aves carroñeras tendrán una oportunidad de convivir estrechamente con las sociedades europeas del siglo XXI. ; [EN]: Man and vultures have lived together in a mutually beneficial relationship since time immemorial: traditionally, these avian scavengers fed on the carcasses that the farmers threw out for them, thereby cleaning up animal remains that might otherwise have become foci of infection and disease. Nevertheless, during the last century the density and demographic tendency of vulture populations have been artificially shaped by the actions of mankind. Non-natural causes of death originating from direct persecution (shooting and the use of poisoned bait) and indirect factors (collisions and electrocution on power lines and, more recently, collisions with wind turbines and the ingestion of veterinary-prescribed drugs) have affected the demography and population dynamics of a number of different species. On the other hand, the creation of vulture feeding stations or muladares has modified habitat quality and distorted a natural environment that once provided trophic resources unpredictably over both time and space; instead, these supplementary feeding points now represent a totally reliable food supply. The dependence that vultures have acquired as a result of the artificialisation of their habitat was suddenly altered by the implementation of a series of public health regulations enacted in light of the outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. This new element in the equation has caused a severe reduction in the trophic resources available to vultures and has led to the closure of many feeding stations whose consequences – aside from a fall in breeding rates and a slowing down in population growth – are still to be fully quantified. In the context of this complex scenario, future conservation strategies must take into account all known factors that may shed light on the validity of management policies; above all, close scrutiny is needed of projects involving supplementary feeding, used frequently, for example, in reintroduction and conservation projects, but in many cases without any prior scientific evaluation. In this chapter we review a number of specific examples and propose alternative management methods that should be prioritised in the future as means of favouring the appearance in the wild – as irregularly and naturally as possible – of animal carcasses originating from extensive production systems. The random presence of carcasses is the most appropriate way of managing and conserving avian scavengers and avoids the serious problems that arise from intensive animal husbandry and the disposal of its waste: only in this way will we be able to regulate the carrying capacity of the environment by establishing densities that respond to (natural) habitat quality. The challenge faced by conservation managers is how to cope with modern sanitary legislation and make the presence of carrion in ecosystems compatible with the need to eliminate animal waste and the demands of species conservation. If this can be achieved, avian scavengers will continue to live in close association with European human societies in the twenty-first century. ; [EU]: Saiak eta gizakia denbora historikoetatik bizi izan dira elkarrekin, bientzat onuragarria izanik. Hegazti sarraskijaleak abeltzainek ematen zizkieten gorpuetatik elikatzen ziren, eta horrela, kutsadura eragin zezaketen hondarrez libratzen ziren. Azken hamarkadetan, ordea, hegazti sarraskijaleen dentsitatea eta demografia-joera gizakiaren eskuak modelatua izan da era artifizial batez. Alde batetik, zuzeneko jazarpenarekin (tiroak, garnata pozoituak) eta zeharkako jazarpenarekin (elektrizitate-hariekin talkak eta elektrokuzioak, albaitaritzan erabiliak diren droga-ingestioak, eta berrikitan airesorgailuen aurkako talkak) loturik dauden hilkortasun-faktore ez-naturalak eragin ditu, hainbat espezieren populazio-dinamikan eragina izan dutenak. Beste alde batetik, "simaurtegiak" sortu ditu, habitataren kalitatea aldatu zuten elikadura osagarriko puntuak alegia, denboran eta espazioan baliabide iragarrezinak eskaintzen zituen gertaleku natural bat distortsionatuz, eta orain erabat iragargarriak izatera igaro direnak. Beren habitata artifizial bilakatzearen ondorioz saiei eragin zaien mendekotasuna drastikoki aldatua izan da oso zorrotzak diren osasun-legeak direla-medio, Behien Entzefalopatia Espongiformearen kariaz. Elementu berri honek elikagai-baliabideak nabarmen murriztu eta elikadura osagarriko puntu askoren itxiera ekarri zuen berekin, zeinaren eraginak eta ondorioak, ugaltze-parametroak urritzeaz gain eta aurreikustekoa den populazio-hazkundea murrizteaz gain, oraindik kuantifikatu gabe daude. Gertaleku konplexu honetan, etorkizuneko ekimenek erabilera-estrategien alde on eta txarrei buruzko informazioa ematen duten faktore eta elementu guztiak izan behar dituzte kontuan, eta bereziki elikadura osagarriari buruzkoak, azken hau masiboki erabilia izan baita, esaterako, birsartze- eta kontserbazio-proiektuetan, zeinak askotan oinarrituta egon baitira irizpide zientifikoekin ebaluaturik ez zeuden neurrietan. Honako atal honetan zenbait adibide berrikusten ditugu eta, elikadura modu heterogeneoan eta ahalik eta modurik naturalenean aurkez dadin, abeltzaintza estentsiboaren bajak laguntzeari lehenetsi beharko lioketen etorkizuneko erabilera- eta kudeaketa-neurri batzuk proposatzen ditugu. Landan noizean behin gorpuak uztea izan beharko litzateke erarik egokiena hegazti sarraskijaleak kudeatu eta kontserbatzeko, ganaduaren eta bere hondarren kudeaketa intentsibotik ondorioztatzen diren arazo larrietako batzuk ekidinez. Gisa horretako gertaleku batean soilik izango da posible ingurunearen zama-gaitasuna arautzea, habitataren kalitatearekin (kalitate naturalarekin) bat datozen dentsitateak ezarriz. Kudeatzaileen erronka egungo osasun-legeriekin borrokatu eta abeltzaintzako hondarrak ezabatzeko premia eta espezieen kontserbazioa ekosistemetako sarraskien presentziarekin egituratzea izango da. Hegazti sarraskijaleek honela bakarrik izan ahalko dute XXI. mendeko gizarteen ondoan bizitzeko aukera. ; Peer reviewed
Today, climate change and competing land use practices are threatening rangelands around the world and the pastoral societies that rely on them. Reindeer husbandry practised by the indigenous Sami people is an example. In Sweden, approximately 70% of the most productive lichen pastures (important in winter) has been lost, either completely or because of a reduction in forage quality, as a result of competing land use (primarily commercial forestry). The remaining pastures are small and fragmented. Yet, the number of reindeer in Sweden shows no general decline. We investigated the strategies that have allowed reindeer herders to sustain their traditional livelihood despite a substantial loss of pastures and thus natural winter forage for their reindeer. Changes in harvest strategy and herd structure may partially explain the observed dynamics, and have increased herd productivity and income, but were not primarily adopted to counteract forage loss. The introduction of supplementary feeding, modern machinery, and equipment has assisted the herders to a certain extent. However, supplementary feeding and technology are expensive. In spite of governmental support and optimized herd productivity and income, increasing costs provide low economic return. We suggest that the increased economical and psychosocial costs caused by forage and pasture losses may have strong effects on the long-term sustainability of reindeer husbandry in Sweden.
Today, climate change and competing land use practices are threatening rangelands around the world and the pastoral societies that rely on them. Reindeer husbandry practised by the indigenous Sami people is an example. In Sweden, approximately 70% of the most productive lichen pastures (important in winter) has been lost, either completely or because of a reduction in forage quality, as a result of competing land use (primarily commercial forestry). The remaining pastures are small and fragmented. Yet, the number of reindeer in Sweden shows no general decline. We investigated the strategies that have allowed reindeer herders to sustain their traditional livelihood despite a substantial loss of pastures and thus natural winter forage for their reindeer. Changes in harvest strategy and herd structure may partially explain the observed dynamics, and have increased herd productivity and income, but were not primarily adopted to counteract forage loss. The introduction of supplementary feeding, modern machinery, and equipment has assisted the herders to a certain extent. However, supplementary feeding and technology are expensive. In spite of governmental support and optimized herd productivity and income, increasing costs provide low economic return. We suggest that the increased economical and psychosocial costs caused by forage and pasture losses may have strong effects on the long-term sustainability of reindeer husbandry in Sweden.
Aims: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the supplementary feeding program for CED pregnant women in the Karawang Kulon Health Center Working Area. Methods: Pre-experimental research with a design of one group pretest-posttest design, and the statistical test is testing T. Number of samples = 20 respondents, data collection by observation before and after being given biscuits for pregnant women in the Karawang Kulon Health Center area. Results: The upper arm circumference condition in 20 respondents of pregnant women after being given biscuits showed a Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) value of the upper arm circumference <23.5 by 3 respondents. Meanwhile, the CED value was ≥ 23.5 for 17 respondents. In addition, the Wilcoxon Singed Rank Test results showed an effect of giving biscuits on CED pregnant women (p-value 0.000). Conclusion: The need for guidance from the government and the surrounding environment regarding the importance of nutritious food to pregnant women so that the baby grows up healthy.
Recent changes in sanitary policies within the European Union (EU) concerning disposal of carcasses of domestic animals and the increase of non-natural mortality factors, such as illegal poisoning, are threatening European vultures. However, the effects of anthropogenic activities on demographic parameters are poorly studied. Using a long-term study (1994–2011) of the threatened Pyrenean Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus population, we assess the variation in the proportion of breeding pairs, egg-laying dates, clutch size, breeding success, and survival following a sharp reduction in food availability in 2005 due to the application of restrictive sanitary policies decreasing livestock carcass availability. We found a delay in laying dates and a regressive trend in clutch size, breeding success, and survival following policy change. The maintenance of specific supplementary feeding stations for Bearded Vultures probably reduced the negative effects of illegal poisoning and food shortages, which mainly affected subadult survival. A drop in food availability may have produced changes in demographic parameters and an increase in mortality due to an increased exposure to contaminated food. As a result, supplementary feeding as a precautionary measure can be a useful tool to reduce illegal poisoning and declines in demographic parameters until previous food availability scenarios are achieved. This study shows how anthropogenic activities through human health regulations that affect habitat quality can suddenly modify demographic parameters in long-lived species, including those, such as survival, with high sensitivity to population growth rate.
The benefits of breast-feeding are well-documented in literature, especially in terms of the growth of the child during the first few months of life. However, a close examination of the literature related to extended breast-feeding suggests that breast-feeding beyond 12 months of age in developing countries is associated with a greater risk for under-nutrition, as defined by lower weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. The central hypothesis of this study is to determine the effects of extended breastfeeding on the anthropometric measurements of children in India and its regions using cross-sectional National Family Health Survey-2 data. A simulative approach has been adopted in the paper to find out the effects of extended breast-feeding. Results suggest that extended breast-feeding without supplementary diet was not beneficial for children of all the regions of India. The effect of different extended durations (12-17 months and 18-23 months) of breast-feeding with supplements did not show any significantly different impact on the anthropometric measurements of child health. Further, results suggest that breast-feeding beyond 23 months, along with supplements, has a significantly negative impact on child health. The magnitude of different anthropometric measurements according to different durations of breast-feeding suggests that breast-feeding beyond 23 months is not beneficial.
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Effectiveness and successful implementation of control measures greatly depend on hunters' willingness and motivation to carry out these measures. Therefore, assessing their opinions regarding the current system is paramount in order to achieve the best possible results. The present study provides insights of hunters' attitudes and perceptions about measures to control African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar in Lithuania. This study highlights several measures that are not supported by hunters (i.e., restriction of hunting, selective female hunting, ban of supplementary feeding, involvement of additional forces in ASF control) and possible motivational options (i.e., reduction of work, financial incentives and improved feedback and relationships with government officials). Considering these findings when planning and altering control measures for ASF could improve their successful implementation in the field. ABSTRACT: After the introduction of African swine fever (ASF) into Lithuania in 2014, continuous spread of the disease resulted in infection of the wild boar populations in most parts of Lithuania. The virus has been moving closer to other Western European countries where pig density is high. An efficient surveillance system detecting ASF cases early in domestic and wild animals is necessary to manage this disease. To make surveillance appropriate and effective, it is critical to understand how key players perceive the implemented control measures. This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of hunters in Lithuania regarding currently implemented or proposed measures for the control of ASF in the wild boar population. Study data were collected through questionnaires distributed via the internet and by hunting associations in Lithuania. In total, 621 fully completed questionnaires were received and analyzed. All measures interfering with extensive hunting, like ban of driven or individual hunting or ban of supplementary feeding were considered as unacceptable and as ineffective measures ...
