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Restraint in mental healthcare has negative consequences, and guidelines/policies calling for its reduction have emerged internationally. However, there is a tension between reducing restraint and maintaining safety. In order to reduce restraint it is important to gain an understanding of the experience for all involved. The aim of the study was to improve understanding of the experience of restraint for patients and staff with direct experience and witnesses. Interviews were conducted with 13 patients and 22 staff members from one UK NHS Trust. The overarching theme 'is restraint a necessary evil?' contained subthemes fitting into two ideas represented in the quote 'it never is very nice but… it's a necessary evil'. It 'never is very nice' was demonstrated by the predominantly negative emotional and relational outcomes reported (distress, fear, dehumanising, negative impact on staff/patient relationships, decreased job satisfaction). However, a common theme from both staff and patients was that whilst restraint is 'never very nice' it is a 'necessary evil' when used as a last resort due to safety concerns. Mental healthcare providers are under political pressure from national governments to reduce restraint which is important in terms of reducing its negative outcomes for patients and staff; however, more research is needed into alternatives to restraint whilst addressing the safety concerns of all parties. We need to ensure that by reducing or eliminating restraint, mental health wards neither become, nor feel, unsafe to patients or staff.

AbstractBackgroundParticipation is a central aspect of quality of life, and it is indicative of high‐quality outcomes for people with intellectual disabilities. However, participation is difficult to achieve for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities.AimTo describe staff members' perceptions of what participation means for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities.MethodUsing a phenomenographic approach, 27 interviews were analysed resulting in variations in the conditions for participation.ResultsThe interviews revealed conditions for participation at individual, staff and organisational levels.ConclusionParticipation appears to be an un‐reflected phenomenon, and several conditions must be met to achieve it. The conditions are experienced being fundamental for adults within the target group to achieve any kind of participation. The staff members and managers' perceptions of participation as conditional can make it more difficult for adults within the target group to achieve the Swedish disability policy goal of participation.

AbstractPersons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) present limited peer‐directed behaviors toward their peers with PIMD. It is not clear how staff can facilitate and promote the mutual peer‐directed behaviors between persons with PIMD. In this study, we explored if peer‐directed behaviors among persons with PIMD can be increased by an intervention that is focused on training the staff in providing social scaffolding behaviors toward their clients. An A‐B‐B′‐C design was used in this study. A baseline condition was followed by two intervention conditions and a follow‐up. Four staff members participated in a training in which they were informed about peer interactions in persons with PIMD and learned how to promote these interactions. They developed a peer interaction supportive activity. This activity was provided to two persons with PIMD for 10 weeks. Social scaffolding behaviors of staff as well as peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD were coded during videotaped observations. A significant increase of social scaffolding behaviors of staff members was observed during the intervention with a significant decrease at follow‐up. Significantly, more singular and fewer multiple peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD were observed during the intervention. Both singular and multiple peer‐directed behaviors decreased again at follow‐up. A short training of staff members already positively affects their social scaffolding behaviors and increases the amount of peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD. However, the amount of both behaviors decreased again at follow‐up. This argues to broadly apply this training in services and schools for persons with PIMD and to complement it with continuing staff coaching on this topic.

Much research exists which examines how politically-motivated organizations adapt their communication practices to suit the news media's routines and values to gain media coverage and thereby exert political influence. The mediatization literature describes these adaptation processes as constantly evolving, with professional communicators exhibiting an ever-growing amount of media savvy. The purpose of this study is to gain up-to-date insights into current forms of media adaptation in political organizations through interviews with professional press contact staff in 52 Danish interest groups. The interviews reveal that media work is considered an effective, though potentially risky, form of public affairs. Indeed, media work is said to damage, or even ruin, an organization's lobbying efforts or relationships with political actors. The study's key finding is that in order to deal with these risks, professional press contact staff acquire a great deal of political savvy in addition to the well-known forms of media savvy. The interviewees describe intricate media tactics used to minimize the risks, and even strengthen relationships to political actors. These include flattery, praise, self-promotion, timing, strengthening political actors' profiles, saving their face, and selflessly giving them credit for any positive, collaborative political outcomes.

The purpose was to explore the relationship and mediation effects between the Big Five personality dimensions, and political skill with military staff members' perceived performance. The sample included 185 Armed Forces International staff members from several military education facilities. The results indicated that the PSI and several personality dimensions were positively correlated with individuals' perceived performance. In addition, the personality dimension Conscientiousness acted as a statistically significant mediator between an individual's use of political skills and their perceived performance. Practical considerations and future research directions are suggested. This article has been retracted. A retraction article relating to this can be found here: http://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.94