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Questions have been raised about the relation of Progressive-Era women reformers to scientific management and the efficiency concept associated with it. This article brings evidence from organizations such as the National Consumers League and the Taylor Society to argue that in the Progressive Era female reformers belonged to a community of discourse close to scientific management. Understanding this relationship helps delineate the intellectual foundations of progressive reform.

Although Louis Brandeis is rightly regarded as a champion of federalism, this article suggests that his famous depiction of the American states as "laboratories" of democracy in fact has little to do with federalism & in fact rests on an understanding of public policy inimical to federal diversity. More specifically, it argues that Brandeis's choice of metaphor largely reflects his hope for scientifically based public policy, which in turn reflected the influence of Scientific Management upon his thought. The article concludes that abandoning Brandeis's metaphor would be useful in rethinking the relations among states in the diffusion of innovations. Adapted from the source document.