Suchergebnisse

Социокультурные ценности особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) могут проявляться в разных результатах для общества и территорий. В статье поставлена цель оценить закономерности и особенности восприятия социокультурных ценностей ООПТ населением городов, на территории которых они расположены. В первой части исследования для кластеров городов определен уровень корреляции между показателями субъективной оценки здоровья, активного образа жизни и участия в экологических проектах, с одной стороны, и долей ООПТ в территории города - с другой. Аналогичная корреляция проведена для тех же 87 городов, но сгруппированных по масштабу сети ООПТ, что позволило определить наиболее значимую площадь ООПТ для восприятия населением их ценностей. Во второй части исследования по отдельным городам осуществлен анализ восприятия ценностей ООПТ научно-педагогическим сообществом, а также вся сеть ООПТ данных городов разделена по уровню посещаемости туристами и местными жителями и выявлены возрастные особенности восприятия значимости
The sociocultural values of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) can translate into various outcomes for both society and the territories they inhabit. This study aims to evaluate the patterns and nuances in how the population perceives the sociocultural values of SPNAs in cities where these areas are located. In the first part of the article, we assess the relationship between subjective indicators such as health, active lifestyle, and participation in environmental projects on the one hand, and the proportion of protected areas within the city boundaries on the other. This analysis is conducted across clusters of cities. Similarly, the correlation is examined among the same 87 cities but grouped by the extent of their SPNA network, allowing us to pinpoint the most influential SPNA area in shaping public perception of their values. The second part of the study focuses on understanding how the scientific and pedagogical communities perceive SPNA values in individual cities. We divide the entire SPNA network of these cities based on the level of visitation by tourists and local residents. Moreover, age-related characteristics regarding the perceived significance of protected areas are identified. These findings offer insights that can be utilized to refine the management systems governing SPNAs within urbanized regions.

Investigating the data that universities collect on the characteristics of staff and students offers an insight into which aspects of diversity they prioritise. We sent Freedom of Information requests to 24 Russell Group institutions asking them to report the data they collect on the class background and protected characteristics of staff and students. We also reviewed university equality policy documents using content analysis. Analysis showed that while all institutions collect data on the protected characteristics of staff and students, and 18 universities collect data on the class background of students, just one university collects data on the class background of staff. This is despite 10 institutions recognising class background as being an important component of diversity within their policies. We propose recommendations on what data universities should collect on the class background of staff, and how they can use these data to support intersectional diversity.

Abstract This research will discuss exigence to assign gender as protected groups in Genocide under Rome Statute which contains about gender (indeed third gender) selective mass killing. This research is inspired from the allegation of selective mass killing to gender in Nanjing, China, India, and Indonesia which begs protection from crime of genocide. This research method used is the juridical normative approach method. The research is conducted by analyzing the data gained from library studies and international conventions related to International Criminal Law. The specification of research is done by describing the related legislations associated with the legal theory and practice of implementing an object of research. The result of this research shows that the gender has similar characteristics exclusive groups as the protected groups under article 6 Rome Statute. What the result of that based on article 9 Rome Statute, amendment protected group is possible to do. Keywords: Gender, Genocide, International Criminal Court Abstrak Penelitian ini akan membahas urgensi untuk menambahkan gender sebagai kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida yang diatur di bawah ketentuan Statuta Roma terkait pembantaian berpreferensi gender (termasuk gender ketiga). Penelitian ini terinspirasi dari adanya dugaan pembantaian selektif gender di Nanking, Tiongkok, India, bahkan Indonesia yang membutuhkan perlindungan dari ketentuan genosida. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan dan studi peraturan konvensi internasional yang berkaitan dengan Hukum Pidana Internasional. Penelitian menggunakan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis yaitu menggambarkan peraturan yang dikaitkan dengan teori hukum dan praktek pelaksanaan suatu objek penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa gender memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida. Sehingga sesuai dengan Pasal 9 Statuta Roma amandemen terhadap kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida dimungkinkan untuk dilakukan. Kata Kunci: Gender, Genosida, Mahkamah Peradilan Pidana

Protected areas have so far been the primary means to conserve biodiversity, an increasingly important environmental issue, but proposals to establish protected areas are often met by local resistance due to fears that user rights will be severely restrained. Nature conservation traditionally aims to preserve an ideal state of nature, in which interference by people is minimized through a number of regulations, and where central authorities are in charge. Increasingly, however, conservation policy emphasizes participation. Protected area designations are about institutional change where customary and legal rights to use and manage certain resources are renegotiated. Protected areas can be considered as multi-use and multi-level commons that may benefit from co-management where the state cooperates with user groups, municipalities, research institutions and others. This thesis analyzes the establishment phase of the co-management of multi-level, multi-use commons in order to characterize design principles common to the emergence of co-management processes which improve institutional robustness. The thesis is based on a quantitative survey study and a small-n comparative case study. Paper I compares national, regional and local public opinions about protected areas through a multi-level survey. Papers II to IV each presents a case study of a designation process within the Swedish mountain region. The qualitative case studies are based on the structured, focused comparison method and employ within-case analysis and process-tracing. The material examined consisted of written documenta­tion and 41 semi-structured interviews. The two studies contribute to commons theory; the focus on the establishment phase provides opportunities to acquire abundant information about how contextual and process factors influence the functioning of a co-management arrangement. Paper I suggests that national public opinion is an important contextual variable for natural resources of national interest, and shows that 65% of the Swedish population support local or co-management of protected areas. Papers II to IV reveal that the rigidity of the existing institutional framework is another important contextual variable that influences the degree of learning taking place. Further, the comparative analysis proposes that certain characteristics of a process (the co-management process principles) are essential for the realization of co-management arrangements of multi-level and multi-use commons. The principles are representation, reason(ableness), powers, accountability and learning.

The UK-wide Equality Act 2010 forbids discrimination based on age, sex, race, religion/belief, disability, gender reassignment, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, and pregnancy and maternity – yet no such protections apply to people experiencing poverty and/or class-based inequalities. This legislative 'blind-spot' extends to UK media regulation, with most industry ethical codes prioritizing the same 'protected characteristics' as the law. As a result, legacy print news outlets and their audiences can freely publish statements about people in poverty that would be defined as hate speech; ruled in breach of ethical codes; and liable for potential prosecution if directed at protected groups. This article explores the prevalence of povertyist hatred on comments published on two conservative-leaning news-sites (www.telegraph.co.uk and www.dailymail.co.uk) in response to articles about rising labour shortages and 'economic inactivity' rates during the post-COVID-19 'cost-of-living crisis'. It exposes serious gaps in the legal and regulatory framework(s) around protected characteristics, while also posing difficult questions for editors and moderators about the (in)adequacy of their existing policies for safeguarding groups already protected by law.

The 'single' Equality Act 2010 was intended to unify and simplify British discrimination law which had grown-up piecemeal over 40 years. However, a number of protections did not follow the standard model (as originally laid down in the Sex Discrimination Act 1975) and remained outside the unification process. Such grounds include trade union membership and the possession of whistle-blower status and past criminal records. This difference has been significant in the government's reaction to the European Court of Human Rights' decision in Redfearn v. UK regarding membership of political parties, where the government opted to expand these 'other' protections rather than amend the Equality Act 2010. This article considers the role and status of these other discriminations which remain outside the Equality Act 2010 in light of the government's response to Redfearn.

On January 2018 significant amendments to the Criminal Law and the Law On the Procedure for Application of the Criminal Law came into force in Latvia. These changes not only in the first time introduce the criminal responsibility for the emotional violence, but also determine the procedure for assessing emotional disparity, equating the effects to telepathic injuries.In the article, the author reviews a modality of crime "persecution" - cyber-persecution. Although the legislator in the annotation of the law provides that the article also shall be applicable to acts committed in cyberspace, at the same time, the author indicates some problems that may arise due to the narrow interpretation of the law by the law enforcement. The purpose of the article is to study the object (protected legitimate interest) and the objective side (actus reus) of the offense - cyber-stalking. For purposes of research, several methods have been used. The method of comparative analysis, for examination and comparison of external and international regulations. Methods of legal interpretation used to disclose the differences between the understanding of the written text of the definition of the crime and what ought to be understood in the meaning of the norm. Finally, the author presents the conclusions and proposals on the application of the norm.

Zambia has acknowledged the need to improve the livelihood of people living in or near protected areas, in order to decrease illegal use of natural resources. Community Based Natural Resource Governance Management (CBNRM) is seen as a possible solution, as it promises to increase the livelihoods of the local communities by involving them in resource governance. CBNRM was therefore institutionalized in the Zambian Wildlife Act in 1998 and is currently part of their conservation strategy for protected areas including Game Management Areas (GMA). However, the approach has not delivered the promised results. To study why this approach is not succeeding in Zambia, this field study focuses on the environmental governance regime in Namwala GMA outside Kafue National Park. Semi-structured interviews are used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. The study focuses on identifying the limitations and challenges in the regime to understand how improvements can be made, with emphasis on stakeholders' attitudes, values and norms and how these characteristics influence different stakeholders in the assessment of governing the valuable resources. The results from this research include limitations in the resource regime that hampers the interaction between different stakeholders and causes poor management. Both local people and natural resources are still suffering from poor management and the community-based approach is not implemented sufficiently. Local people are often unaware of the policy governing the area and the participation structure that is supposed to include them in governance and thus improve their livelihood. The management and staff are unable to build capacity, share benefits and devolve authority to the complex local institution. Negative attitudes exist between the local community and the management and staff, due to poor management of illegal activities. Evidently, not much has been done in Namwala to implement CBNRM and the GMA is still managed through a top-down approach, marginalizing local people. For CBNRM to deliver, it is necessary to build capacity and competence among management and staff so they are capable of initiating actions recommended by CBNRM. They also need to consider the social structures and informal rules in individual GMAs, to involve local people in governance of natural resources. ; M-IES

Using a remotely sensed pixel data set, we develop a multilevel model and propensity score weighting with multilevel data to assess the impact of protected areas on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. These techniques allow taking into account location bias, contextual bias and the dependence of spatial units. The results suggest that protected areas have slowed down deforestation between 2005 and 2009, whatever the type of governance. The results also evidence that protected and unprotected areas do not share the same location characteristics. In addition, the effectiveness of protected areas differs according to socioeconomic and environmental variables measured at municipal level.

Using a remotely sensed pixel data set, we develop a multilevel model and propensity score weighting with multilevel data to assess the impact of protected areas on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. These techniques allow taking into account location bias, contextual bias and the dependence of spatial units. The results suggest that protected areas have slowed down deforestation between 2005 and 2009, whatever the type of governance. The results also evidence that protected and unprotected areas do not share the same location characteristics. In addition, the effectiveness of protected areas differs according to socioeconomic and environmental variables measured at municipal level.

In this paper we use newly available individual-level data from the Longitudinal Survey of Italian Households to investigate the factors affecting female labour force participation after the birth of the first child. We focus on the effects of pre-marital job characteristics and find that working without a contract has a negative effect on new mothers' participation, while working in the public sector or in a large private firm increases the probability of participation after childbearing. We suggest that these effects could be at least partly attributed to differences in the level of job protection and employment stability enjoyed by workers. This implies that in Italy women with highly protected and stable jobs find it easier to combine career and family, while those who are less sheltered by the legislation are more likely to withdraw from the labour force after becoming mothers.

AbstractThis audience segmentation of visitors at coastal parks in Hawaii and North Carolina addresses an emergent natural resource management concern and risk to aquatic ecosystems: sunscreen chemical pollution. Four audiences were identified that correspond to different behavioral profiles: sunscreen protection tourists, multimodal sun protection tourists, in‐state frequent park visitors, and frequent beachgoers who skip sunscreen. The second‐largest audience, sunscreen protection tourists, represents 29% of visitors at Cape Lookout National Seashore and 25% at Kaloko‐Honokōhau National Historical Park. This group ranks of most concern for chemical pollution because they use sunscreen, but not typically mineral formulations or other methods such as protective clothing, and they have lower levels of sunscreen chemical issue awareness. The identification of similar audience segments across regions with differing cultural characteristics and sunscreen regulation status suggests the robustness of the model and its indicator variables, with implications for both environmental protection and public health. Further, coastal visitors' interest in enacting pro‐environmental sun protection behaviors during their next park or beach visit indicates the potential for natural resource managers to holistically address risks in both domains through targeted interventions with audiences of most concern.

This research studied the characteristics and approaches that contributed to the successful of coral reef management (CRM) efforts. One such characteristic occurred in most case studies was the importance of integrating ecological, socio-economic, technological use, and institutional dimensions during all processes. Based on a multi-dimensional analysis, the sustainability of CRM was 56.34% cumulatively, indicating a moderate level of management. This study further suggested the importance to improve technology and institution to achieve an effective CRM since both dimensions have contributed only 38.80% and 49.26% respectively. Stakeholder involvement was also central to the success of networking development within the management of Cenderawasih Bay National Park, specifically in facilitating the integration of ecological, socioeconomic, political will, and local cultural objectives in achieving an optimum planning objectives. Compilations of baselin information (both scientific and local knowledge) were important to evaluate the effectiveness of all processes and for adaptive management to increase its potential in the management strategies. Balancing the integration of all management dimensions (ecology, socio-economic, technology, and institution) in the whole processes with specific attributes in each case, would lead to an adaptive management for the implementation of conservation and management process.

Anthropic induced changes in land use modify the habitat and microhabitat conditions for many species. Afforestation and grazing abandonment in steppe-like grasslands alters the characteristics of open natural areas. We aim to understand the habitat preferences of the European Green lizard in a nature reserve affected by both processes, using CORINE land cover and data recorded in the field. The results show that the species prefers sparsely shrubbed areas and edge habitat but avoids the interior of the pine plantation and totally open grassland. On microhabitat scale, most preferred structures were shrubs and logs. CORINE Landover data yields statistically less robust information than the microhabitat features recorded in the field Management measures should aim to increase habitat heterogeneity and to decrease compact afforested areas.