Suchergebnisse

For nutrition and its associated disciplines, ethical considerations related to research are often complicated by factors that range from the use of experimental research designs that are overly holistic to inextricable links between nutrition research and marketing. As a consequence, there is the need for constant vigilance to assess and deal with apparent conflicts of interest. Also, there are few scientific disciplines that are defined by cultural, religious, or political codifications as is nutrition. Accordingly, examples of historical, cultural, and political events are described that have influenced ethical approaches related to nutrition research. Furthermore, nutrition research questions are often multifaceted and require dealing with complex variables. In this regard, ethical principles and perspectives that have relevance to data acquisition, the publication and translation of nutrition research, and the marketing of nutritional products and concepts are highlighted.

Limiting factors in sheep production in Tanzania are discussed. Due to lack of quantitative data effects of diseases and other factors, the paper partly attempts to quantify the performance of two breeds of sheep (Black Head Persian-BHP and Red Maasai-RM) under one government farm. Statistical comparison between these two breeds is presented on birth weight, weaning weight, mating weight and slaughter weight. Statistical comparison within these parameters is also discussed. The paper also discussed the performance of BHP and RM under controlled experimentation at the University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, Morogoro. Lambs at weaning were subjected to three treatments (grazing only S0; grazing with 100g concentrate supplementation per day- S1; and grazing with 500g concentrates supplementation per day- S2) for 5 months. Irrespective of level of supplementation BHP grew faster (84±10.6 g/day) than RM (59±7.3g/day). Body condition score and carcass weight were significantly higher in BHP than in RM; (3.1±1.14 and 12.22±1.364 kg for BHP and 2.4±0.96 and 8.47±1.48 kg for RM respectively. Generally, BHP tended to dress out higher (44.3±2.34%) than RM (42.9±4.95%) although the difference was not significantly significant. Supplementation improved liveweight gain significantly. Overall growth rates of lambs under S0, S1 and S2 treatments were 44±3.9, 61±8.8, and 109±11.6g respectively. Supplementation also improved the body condition score and dressing out percentage. The mean body condition scores and dressing out percentages were 1.7±0.61, 2.7±0.45, 3.9 ±0.76 and 39.1±9.33%, 42.1±2.05% and 49.6±2.43% respectively for S0, S1 and S2. The imporatnace of the results with emphasis on economics of supplementation is discussed.

This is the first book on captive animal behaviour, applied to welfare. It enables all aspects of zoo husbandry and management (nutrition, enclosure design, handling and training, enrichment, population management) to be based on a sound knowledge of the species, its evolutionary and natural history.

Within the past decade there has been a veritable explosion of interest in the relationship between food and human behavior. It seems that there is an insatiable desire to find connections between what we eat and what we do. A clear example of this is the proliferation of books, magazine and newspaper articles, and television and radio programs devoted to the topic. More important, however, is the increased attention the scientific community is giving to the study of nutrition and behavior as evidenced by the growth of research, the development of undergraduate and graduate programs, and the number of scientific conferences addressing the prob­ lems in this area. The burgeoning scientific interest in this field makes it a very appropriate time for this book. The principal goal of Nutrition and Behavior: New Perspectives is to provide a comprehensive examination of the scientific evidence dealing with relationships between nutritional variables and behavior. Although findings in research using experimental animals will be introduced, the primary emphasis will be on investigating the nutrition-behavior relation­ ship in our own species. The first chapter provides a historical introduction to the area and examines the techniques used in the scientific assessment of nutrition and behavior. This material gives the reader the necessary background to place recent research on nutrition and behavior within a wider perspective and to evaluate its reliability and validity

Animal-sourced foods make a valuable contribution to the diets of consumers from countries across the economic development spectrum. They provide essential micronutrients including iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, iodine, and zinc, to balance diets which, apart from vitamin B12, are more bioavailable than in plant-sourced foods. This is important for consumers with high needs including young children, pregnant and lactating women, and malnourished people. Although international trade has great potential to distribute animal products to satisfy global food demand, current trade flows are not achieving this goal in many low and lower middle-income countries. Multilateral efforts, supported by high-income countries, are needed to orientate international trade systems to provide better food and nutrition security. The continuity of trade in filling nutrient deficiencies is often disrupted in times of economic depression, conflict, or natural disaster. Suppliers can retain food resources for their own consumers, while in low-income countries most consumers can ill-afford expensive imports. Stability in most countries' supply of animal-sourced foods must rely on the resourcefulness of domestic family-based farmers, who produce up to 80% of the world's food. While encouraging the international trade of animal-sourced foods, governments need to ensure that they develop policies that support these local production units to remain profitable to meet domestic consumption needs. These policies must be developed in the context of the UN's doctrine of a Right to Food designed to ensure individual countries provide good governance and resources to minimize hunger and poverty.

Data are available in the scientific literature concerning the quality and usefulness of donkey milk for human consumption. However, there is a lack of studies related to the understanding of the welfare of dairy donkeys. The only attempt, at a European Union level, to assess the welfare of donkeys is that of the Animal Welfare Indicator's (AWIN) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys, where the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria have been assessed, but only through the evaluation of the body condition score. However, several other indicators that take into account the importance of good feeding welfare principles should be considered for the correct management of dairy donkeys. Therefore, it is hoped that this review of the available scientific literature will be useful to help establish a set of appropriate welfare requirements and indicators for the management of dairy donkeys. The review is aimed at identifying and discussing other requirements and indicators, such as nutritional requirements, farm management requirements and animal-based indicators, which may be important for the correct assessment of the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria and to establish best practices for the feeding of dairy donkeys.

Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Sustainable Food Security -- Sustainable and Healthy Nutrition -- Challenges for the Food Industry -- Learning from Each Other -- Food and Nutrition Security (Johanna Dwyer/Adam Drewnowski) -- 1 Overview: Food and Nutrition Security -- Abstract -- 1.1 State of the Art -- 1.2 The Right to Food and Food Security -- 1.3 Domains of Food and Nutrition Security -- 1.3.1 The Nutritional Quality of Foods and Eating Patterns -- 1.3.1.1 Individual Foods Vary in Energy and Nutrient Content -- 1.3.1.2 Dietary Patterns Vary in Energy and in Nutrient Content -- 1.3.1.3 Food Safety Is an Essential Component of Dietary Quality -- 1.3.1.4 The Importance of Food Processing in Modern Food Systems -- 1.3.1.5 The Cost and Affordability of Foods and Eating Patterns -- 1.3.2 Cultural Acceptability of Foods and Eating Patterns -- 1.3.3 Environmental Impact on Land, Water and Air Quality -- 1.4 Links Between Food and Nutrition Security, Nutritional Status, and Health Outcomes in Populations -- 1.4.1 USA Case Study -- 1.4.2 International Arena -- 1.5 Dietary Recommendations to Ensure Sustainable Food Security -- 1.5.1 Food Biodiversity Must Be Preserved -- 1.5.2 Sustainable Dietary Patterns Can Combine Animal and Plant Foods -- 1.5.3 It is Challenging for Diets to be Nutrient-Rich, Safe, Affordable, Culturally Acceptable and Also to Have Low Environmental Impact -- 1.6 Food and Nutrition Security and Nutritional Status in the World Today -- 1.6.1 Low- and Middle-Income-Countries (LMIC) -- 1.6.2 High-Income Countries (HIC) -- 1.6.3 The Likely Global Consequences -- 1.6.4 State of the Art of Nutrition Interventions -- 1.6.5 Gaps in Information -- 1.6.5.1 Dietary Quality -- 1.6.5.2 Affordability -- 1.6.5.3 Prevalence of Malnutrition -- 1.6.5.4 The Environmental Impact and Sustainability of Existing Food Systems

Shipping list no.: 2006-0178-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.