Suchergebnisse

Most Western countries are demonstrating a trend in the public and private sector away from traditional manufacturing operations. This has resulted in customer‐led pressure for Production/Operations Management teachers to give service operations equal time with manufacturing. Service industries have the same operating issues as manufacturing but for effective teaching two aspects must be considered. The first is the context of service operations and the second is those differences that do exist between manufacturing and services. A teaching strategy is proposed. This emphasises the use of service cases and examples to illustrate the application of operations management approaches; an understanding of the key contextual differences in the service environment; and the development of electives focusing on specific service features in operations management. Examples from undergraduate and postgraduate teaching are given.

This paper examines three key factors that help to explain the differences between high and low performing plants in process quality. The three factors are: first, the seniority of manufacturing personnel within the plants; second, the involvement of these senior managers in the business, rather than being confined to the role of a production/technology functional specialist; third, the contribution of a manufacturing strategy which includes quality as part of its content and which feeds into, and forms part of, the overall business plan within the plant. The paper argues that these three factors help to maintain the strategic importance of quality and, consequently, help to explain the subsequent quality performance within the manufacturing plant. The conclusions are that two distinct groups emerge ‐ one, Traditional, and the other, Enlightened ‐ which are different in terms of attitudes, commitment to, and capabilities in, quality.

Proposes a conceptual interpretative framework as a reading key to
management differences in the two principal manufacturing contexts
– intermittent manufacturing and repetitive manufacturing –
within the three basic operations management subsystems: planning,
inventory control and shopfloor control.

The concept of world class manufacturing is examined in terms of the definitions which have been developed in recent survey based research. A fundamental flaw in such approaches is that they model a fixed notion of manufacturing competitiveness. The paper presents results from case based research which addresses these issues, and shows how, even in relatively compatible environments, forcing different operations facilities to become similar would potentially undermine competitiveness. The unit of analysis is the manufacturing cell, and evidence is provided which describes the relative postions of the four cells studied. The study concludes that the cells have distinct strategic needs, and that a single "lean" mindset would be inappropriate.

In recent years there has been a shift towards the inclusion of agile processes in the development of manufacturing strategies. This work explores the agility of operations in four SMEs in high‐tech manufacturing and the impact made by information systems to agile performance in those companies. The study demonstrated that information systems are relegated behind other enablers of agility. Although information systems are often used to support agility, information systems in themselves are not sufficient to achieve agility in business processes. Furthermore, the case studies demonstrate that companies rely upon non‐IT attributes to improve the agility of their manufacturing operations. The results of the study suggest that information systems play a more significant role for enhancing agility.

The product‐costing techniques developed for conventional job shops
are unsuitable for use in computer‐integrated manufacturing systems
(CIMS) and their continued use in the CIMS environment generates
incorrect and misleading manufacturing costs. A new cost model
particularly suited for CIMS that also satisfies all financial
accounting requirements is described. The model has two components of
manufacturing cost, direct material cost and transformation cost,
instead of three in the conventional method, and uses actual machine
usage to calculate manufacturing costs. To effect accurate allocation of
the transformation cost, first to each machine and then to the product
that uses the machine, intermediate pooling of costs and different
allocation bases are used. A numerical example is presented to clarify
the steps in the procedure.

Flexible manufacturing systems are being implemented at a rapidly increasing rate. A study of management issues arising from the implementation of flexible manufacturing systems was undertaken between June 1985 and March 1986. This article is based on the study of twelve systems in the UK and is primarily concerned with flexibility and its achievement. The survey showed that management objectives were inconsistent and incongruent. Such inconsistencies and incongruencies have influenced the flexibility of systems. Emergent rather than deliberate strategies for flexible manufacturing system development have been observed. A flexibility audit in conjunction with the setting of long‐term and shorter‐term company objectives is recommended for future applications.

Continuous Flow Manufacturing (CFM) is one of the key strategies to enable the United States industries to adapt to any volume increase and rapidly changing requirements of the market place. CFM is an on-going analysis and improvement activity used to optimize the efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility of any process. The two basic goals of CFM are to reduce cycle time to less than customer order leadtime and to eliminate inefficiencies from the overall manufacturing processes. The thesis will describe reasons for the scarcity of CFM in United States industries. The methodology applied was a detailed six page questionnaire sent to over thirty-five industries in United States, using CFM as a part in their manufacturing operations. The research focused on difficulties experienced during preparation and implementation of CFM. The theoretical research and the questionnaire analysis revealed that CFM is indeed partially culture-based, difficult to understand, not easy to accept and hard enough to implement. Although the research was taken from a stratified sample of already known CFM implementors, full scale implementation fell very short. In fact, most industries in United States seemed to be engaged in preparing for CFM. Hopefully, the information presented will help the United States industries to formulate plans and strategies to implement further actions that will lead to more efficiency and effectiveness in their manufacturing operations.

In the 1980s the level of interest of businessmen and academics shown in the subject area of production/operations management (POM) has risen. Stimulated by the impact of world competition they are increasingly recognising the contribution which POM can make to business success. This has led to increasing awareness of manufacturing strategy which is currently underdeveloped. Industry is looking towards the academic world to contribute to the development of its conceptual base. At present the POM subject area is wide‐ranging and relatively under‐sourced in academic institutions. It is necessary to define the boundaries of manufacturing strategy, to establish academic course orientation, the predominant level of learning, course aims and appropriate areas of learning. Some basic teaching issues are outlined including a framework for reflecting manufacturing policy issues in corporate decisions, and ways to develop key issues within a teaching programme.

Proposes that the role of traceability in manufacturing systems is to
enable the history of events to be followed and compared with scheduled
plans and predefined goals. Tracing techniques can be used to detect
system status (status tracing), analyse system performance (performance
tracing) and support decision making (goal tracing). Manufacturing
systems are conceptualized as having the levels of strategy, planning
and design, and operations. There is a need for all three forms of
traceability at each manufacturing system level. The traceabilities
approach provides a structured, holistic way of thinking about and
designing manufacturing information systems which is not constrained by
the physical system or by the narrower requirements of a computer
management system.