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Draws on recent research & fieldwork in the former Transkei, South Africa, after the 1994 national elections to examine prospects for agricultural development & rural transformation. Former homelands, eg, Transkei, represent large rural populations that were oppressed under apartheid & serve as highly challenging & problematic areas of concern for the Government of National Unity. At issue are patterns of peasant production & commercial agriculture; the effectiveness of contract farming; & attempts to address current land disputes, labor practices, & infrastructural provision. The corruption & incompetence of the government's reconstruction & development plan is discussed along with the need for more state flexibility in dealing with the fluctuating rural economy. 1 Table, 47 References. Adapted from the source document.

Part 1 The essence and manifestations of social entrepreneurship in the modern economy -- Chapter 1 Social entrepreneurship as a subject of the market economy and the consumer society: essence, specific features, and tendencies of development -- Chapter 2 Non-profit organizations as subjects of social entrepreneurship in the market economy -- Chapter 3 Corporate social responsibility as a criterion of assigning commercial business to social entrepreneurship in the market economy -- Chapter 4 Systemic scientific vision of social entrepreneurship in the unity of its manifestations: non-profit and socially responsible business -- Part 2 Sectorial features of social entrepreneurship in the modern market economy -- Chapter 5 Social entrepreneurship in services markets: responsible service vs. non-profit services -- Chapter 6 Social entrepreneurship in commodity markets: industry, agriculture, and agro-industrial complex -- Chapter 7 Hi-tech social entrepreneurship in the markets of the digital economy: preconditions, barriers, and perspectives of overcoming -- Chapter 8 Infrastructural provision of social entrepreneurship: the universal methodology of measuring and specifics in emerging markets -- Part 3 Specifics of social entrepreneurship in emerging markets -- Chapter 9 Social entrepreneurship as an institute of emerging markets: forms of organization and institutional regulation -- Chapter 10 Specific features of social entrepreneurship in emerging markets: non-profit activities vs. social responsibility -- Chapter 11 Social entrepreneurship in the unity of the main components in emerging markets: special entrepreneurial capabilities and talents vs. professional competencies and standards -- Chapter 12 Contribution of social entrepreneurship into socio-economic development and increase of population's living standards in emerging markets -- Part 4 The current problems of development and contradictions of social entrepreneurship -- Chapter 13 "Institutional traps" on the path of development of social entrepreneurship in the market economy -- Chapter 14 The influence of the consumer society on development of social entrepreneurship -- Chapter 15 Social entrepreneurship vs. private entrepreneurship: competition and methods of increasing competitiveness -- Chapter 16 The investment attractiveness of social entrepreneurship: methodology of measuring and paths of increase -- Part 5 The mechanisms of development of social entrepreneurship in the market economy -- Chapter 17 Public-private partnership as a mechanism of development of social entrepreneurship -- Chapter 18 Sectorial clusters as perspective integration mechanisms of market development of social entrepreneurship -- Chapter 19 Non-profit marketing as a mechanism of development of social entrepreneurship in the market economy -- Chapter 20 Formation of responsible society and responsible segment of the labor market as a mechanism of development of social entrepreneurship -- Part 6 Future perspectives of development of social entrepreneurship based on the possibilities of the digital social market economy -- Chapter 21 Scenarios of development of social entrepreneurship until 2030: digital modernization vs. social market economy -- Chapter 22 The innovative scientific concept of social entrepreneurship as a non-contradictory, competitive, and highly effective subject of the digital social market economy -- Chapter 23 New models of organization of social entrepreneurship that ensure overcoming its contradictions based on the possibilities of the digital social market economy -- Chapter 24 The scientific approach to state regulation of social entrepreneurship, which overcomes its contradiction in the digital social market economy -- Chapter 25 The algorithm of development of social entrepreneurship in the digital social market economy: management and policy implications.

The article is devoted to the characteristic features of Japan's economic strategy in India. The transformation of the geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape has led to Japan's increasing interest towards India which is now being the most desirable long-term destination for Japanese business. The significance of cooperation with India is determined by its potential of balancing the influence of China, the capacity of the domestic market, production conditions and geographical position, which opens up prospects for creating new value chains in the region of South and Southeast Asia, as well as accessing the markets of Africa and the Middle East. India is also an attractive in terms of human resources, primarily IT specialists. At the same time, economic advancement in India faces a number of problems, including underdeveloped transport and energy infrastructure, lack of transparency in the application of legislation, a confusing taxation system, etc. There are numerous issues that hinder economic cooperation, with trade relations being the "weak link", and some of the announced projects facing difficulties due to a number of economic and political factors.

Tokyo's strategy is based on an "All Japan" approach that combines public funding and private investment. The strategic importance of India in the context of the implementation of the strategy of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) determines the high level of state involvement in the implementation of economic projects. Japan is a leading ODA donor for India and also one of the main investors in the Indian economy. It is investing to bring India up to the level of infrastructural equipment and technical development that meets the standards of Japanese business. One of the characteristic features of the Japanese strategy is the emphasis on the training of local specialists and managers, which will create the necessary conditions for the transfer of technology and the adoption of the Japanese management model.

Education is one of the most important instruments for social, economic and political transformation in any society anywhere in the world. A well-educated and skilled population equipped with knowledge not only drives socio-economic development but also ensures personal growth too. In India, there is a constitutional obligation to make available free and compulsory education to all children in the age group of 06-14 years. The schemes like the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan (secondary education) are also working towards achieving this goal. These schemes are being implemented in Jammu and Kashmir too but the results painstakingly slow. Several surveys and reports have shown that there are several issues in the elementary education in the rural areas of Jammu and Kashmir including poor school infrastructure etc. As 72 % of people live in rural areas of Jammu and Kashmir, it important to study what are the infrastructural facilities available to the students in the rural schools. The present paper focuses on the issues and concerns in the rural school infrastructure in Jammu and Kashmir. The paper would also try to put forth some suggestions for improving educational infrastructural facilities in these schools of rural Jammu and Kashmir.

Ireland has witnessed a succession of community-based responses to regional episodes of ecological degradation in recent years. This paper will argue that the basis for these disputes is the Irish state's neo-liberal and neo-corporatist policy framework, which favours accelerated and reckless infrastructural development while excluding community concerns about health and environmental issues.

The areas covered coincide with the priorities of policy - agriculture, infrastructural facilities and education and manpower development. Papers on the political environment emphasize the necessity for a just political system as a basic for social stability and economic development

The challenges of contemporary higher education -- Challenges of migration into the European Union & proposal of solution through education -- Migration and dual education system as major countermeasures for problems on labor market in Federal Republic of Germany and Russian Federation -- Socio-political and political-geographical aspects of migration processes on the European continent -- The crisis of the multiculturalism policy in Sweden -- Environmental zoning of a large city (on case of Khabarovsk) -- Dichotomy of globalization and deglobalization processes in the modern world -- Russian identity in the age of globalization and regionalism -- Modern African regionalism in civilizational dimension -- Towards the problems of Islamic regionalism in Latin America: history and current status of formation -- The political status of Greenland in the 21st century: the way from the colony of the Kingdom of Denmark to the possible 51st state of the USA -- History and symbolics of the Catalan sovereignism in the context of geopolitics -- Ideology and geography of foreign policy of Philip II the Prudent considering philosophical and political discourse of the era -- The psychological aspects in political ideas of the Cambridge Platonists as an alternative to 17th century global thinking -- Historical knowledge as a tool for predicting the prospects of political geography (on the example of New Serbia) -- Geographic distribution of foreign businesses in Russia in the 10th -17th centuries -- Democracy culture in the Central Asian republics after the independence: the impacts of socio-economic and political -- Alternative models of political participation of population in developed and developing countries: cases of Switzerland, Germany, Brazil and Uruguay -- Correlation between closed nationalism and extremism: the cases of Zionist Israel and Apartheid South Africa -- The migration organization and policies in the Turkish public administration: an overview -- Changes in Swedish foreign policy after 2018 general elections -- Geography of oil and gas of the Russian Federation in the world markets -- Russia's new Eastward policy and transnational development cooperation in the Far East -- Geopolitical / geoeconomical risks and national security of Russia -- Geopolitical consequences of the end of the Cold War in the post-Soviet space: prerequisites for the emergence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization -- China's infrastructural expansion in Southeast Asia -- Development of BRICS cooperation mechanism under the new geopolitical conditions -- International legal problems of fighting corruption in the context of geopolitical integration -- Revisiting international law's discussion on the moral status of the fetus -- Is the UN environmental protection activity effective? -- Humanistic content of international cultural exchanges in the modern era -- The role of music as a tool for cultural diplomacy during and after the USSR period in the development process of Azerbaijan-Turkey relations -- Cultural cooperation between Russia and Iraq in the context of the common national identity problem of Iraqi people -- Culture as the basis for shaping a positive image of Russia: potential, problems, and solutions -- Finno-Ugric cultural rights in the context of sustainable tourism in North-Western federal district of Russia -- Geo-branding as a tool for providing Russia's interests in the international arena.

This article examines the prospects for agricultural development and rural transformation in Transkei, one of the largest of the former homelands of South Africa. In view of Transkei's size, its substantial population and largely rural character, an understanding of its current problems and potential are extremely important in any assessment of agricultural prospects in the former homelands. The discussion draws on published research and on the authors' own fieldwork after the April 1994 elections. Some of the most intractable problems facing the Government of National Unity currently lie in the former homelands, which were starved of investment under apartheid. The article reviews patterns of peasant production and commercial agriculture (including contract farming) in Transkei and attempts to set current issues concerning land, labour (including the role of women and children), inputs and infrastructural provision within a national and international context. The article begins by briefly setting the national context, before moving on to examine the specific conditions of agricultural activity in Transkei.

This volume reports on the state of crisis in Africa in the early twenty-first century. Africa, on the eve of the 'independence revolution', was the continent of hope and high expectations. By the third decade of independence, optimism had been replaced by dismality. African states had been beset by ethno-political squabbles, military rule, civil wars, Islamic and insurgent movements, extreme poverty and disease. With the ascent of redemocratization in the 1990s and of 'new' pan-Africanism derived from the formation of the African Union, Africa appeared set to claim its vaunted destiny. This book asks, with hindsight to the first decade of the twenty-first century: how real was the renaissance in African life?If the dismal African condition is a phase in the historical development of Africa, this volume does not see any golden age in the past to which Africa aspires to return. There is clearly a continuation and persistence of crisis, with an absence of good governance, personalisation of state power, widespread disease, and policy failure in education, economy and infrastructural development. Although endowed with abundant human and natural resources, Africa remains the least developed and most indebted continent. Whither then the African Renaissance?The methodologies that underpin the contributions in this book are as diverse as the specialisations of the contributors. The collection questions ideologically protected assumptions and presumptions, presenting Africa as it is, because it is only by knowing where Africa truly stands that a proper direction can be charted for it.

Chapter 1. Three 'R': An Effective Sustainable Waste Management Approach -- Chapter 2. To Study Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign as a Tool to Spread Awareness in Understanding the Support of 3R Concept for Waste Minimization in Indore City as the Cleanest City of India -- Chapter 3. Pathways for Ganesha Idol Immersion Process: A Review of Best Practices by BBMP -- Chapter 4. Collapse of Natural Carcass Disposal System – Kolkata Rotten Meat Incidence: The Insight Study -- Chapter 5. Gender Transformative Planning for Urban Sanitation in India Paramita Datta Dey -- Chapter 6. Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Strategies within the Hospital-An Explorative Study -- Chapter 7. Closing Access Loop: Situating Post-Infrastructural Assurance Circumstances -- Chapter 8. Framework for Auditing of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in India -- Chapter 9. Design of Capacity Building Strategy for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) for Andhra Pradesh – A Case Study -- Chapter 10. Experience of Swachh Bharat Mission with focus on Swachh Energy: An Experience in Silvarpatti Village of Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India.

Iran is facing a daunting reality regarding the future of their water resources which may result in conflict and migration within the country with the potential to affect the Middle East and North African region and beyond. The country has failed to address critical preservation, risk mitigation, infrastructural, and political efforts to accommodate their rising population due to economic expansion. Water resources are dependent on social, political, economic, and environmental variables related to conflict and migration. Given the recent examples of water security issues in Syria resulting in migration and conflict, this thesis investigates the total available water per capita as a driver for the potential collapse of Iran's water resources. Portions of two key world system dynamics models were combined to identify interrelated variables leading to migration and conflict. It was found through multiple simulations that decreasing water per capita levels leads to increases in aggregated migration and death rates for this particular investigation. Further experimentation with other interrelated variables such as civil liberties, level of government, and GDP per capita may highlight other drivers and allow extension of this model to other countries of interest.

Peace building activities address the root causes or potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful conflict resolution and stabilize society politically and socio economically. Though Cameroon has hardly been involved any full scale war or persistent armed conflict like those of some Africa countries were conflicts have resulted in destabilization, displacement, and destruction of both people and infrastructural, both men and women are involved in the different approaches and phases of peace building that has to do with issues related to minor boarder violence like that of the Bakassi Peninsular , the Boko Haram insurgence in the Northern Region and the recent minor ongoing Anglophone crises and other forms of gender based violence in families and the community. The women in Cameroon just like those in Burundi, Sudan, Rwanda, Liberia and others have performed important roles as peace negotiators and peace educators in both families and society, but unlike their male counterparts they seem to be facing some difficulties in their participation in the different phases of peace building as stated by UNESCO Women and Peace Building in Africa, 2003.This paper is descriptive, guided by conceptual and theoretical frameworks of women and peace like the Liberal Feminist, Conflict and interactionist theoretical perspectives. The Paper seeks to analyse women's role in peace building and conflict resolution and the contributions they make with their traditional methods to ignite peace in the community in Cameroon. Examples in Cameroon as in other Case studies especially in Africa shows that Women have issues in peace building and security, and the development of interventions to address them that are linked to their lack of voice and political will. The paper also identifies women's needs that should be met through the mainstreaming of gender in peace and conflict resolution to stimulate women's active participation in any peace building and conflict resolution effort. Bisong Clara Bate Ashu ...

PurposeIn urban streets of developing countries, informal e-rickshaw operation can contribute to the development of economically viable, citizen-oriented and environmentally friendly transport systems. Even though informal e-rickshaw operation is important, significant gaps are apparent in the literature in relation to e-rickshaw sustainability issues and policies, and the development of a methodology grounded in a robust theoretical base. The current paper aims to address these gaps by integrating stakeholder theory (ST) and resource dependency theory (RDT) as we consider the linkage between e-rickshaw operation and the sustainability concept.Design/methodology/approachWe apply fuzzy quality function deployment (QFD), integrated with the 0–1 non-linear optimisation technique, to identify optimal policies for the e-rickshaw informal sector on Khulna city's urban streets in Bangladesh.FindingsThe results suggest that optimal policies should be formalised to regularise e-rickshaw operation. Appropriate supervision and monitoring; infrastructural support for battery charging, parking, battery recycling and solar panel installation; and training and development should all be provided.Research limitations/implicationsThe theoretical and managerial implications of our results are discussed, with future research suggestions presented.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, no previous study has used ST and RDT in e-rickshaw sector research. We recognised that the stakeholder settings for sustainability policies can well influence the behaviour of informal e-rickshaw operators while allotting the necessary resources to this sector. This move assists researchers and policymakers to understand the stakeholders and resource dependency sustainability requirements of this sector and the implementation of the required policies.

Globally, crave for sustainable development and increasing women participation in governance have been on unabated. This is premised on the belief that sustainable development is attainable where and when there is good governance and gender justice. Making use of library research and content analysis methodologies, the paper detailed in a systematic manner the missing link in sustainable development in Africa with particular emphasis on Nigeria. It analyses the current practice ofsextortion among the women in decision- making processes and leadership at the national, state and local levels and its impact on development. More so, the paper discusses the conditions that facilitate womens representation in decision-making processes within the context of the current socio-economic and political transformations. It also examines the linkages between womens presence in critical decision-making positions and sustainable development. The paper contends that most states in Africa are yet to attain development to be sustained. It blames the African leaders and the patriarchal states for the precarious pace at which the region develops. The paper concludes that sustainable development will remain a pie in the sky in Africa for as long as greed, self-centeredness and emperornic disposition of African leaders as well as mass poverty and infrastructural decay continue.