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According to the Swedish Health and Medical Service Act, healthcare is to be provided to the population according to need, on equal terms, and be accessible, a part of healthcare that has been criticized. With the aim of improving accessibility, Sweden's municipalities, county councils, and government have agreed to introduce a national care guarantee (non statutory) with effect from 2005-11-01. In spite of economic investment and reduced waiting times, it is however felt to be uncertain that the guarantee will reduce waiting times in the long-term. A deconstructive reading is made of the fundamental assumptions underlying the care guarantee. There is also a reading of what it does and does not encompass, as well as its relationship with the concept of prioritization. The care guarantee, in contrast to political promises, does not encompass the entire chain of care since examinations and investigations conducted prior to an appointment or treatment are not counted as part of the time limits. Therefore the care guarantee thus does not constitute complete offer of healthcare within a certain period of time. What also seems clear when reading the care guarantee is that it does not encompass a quality dimensions.

According to the Swedish Health and Medical Service Act, healthcare is to be provided to the population according to need, on equal terms, and be accessible, a part of healthcare that has been criticized. With the aim of improving accessibility, Sweden's municipalities, county councils, and government have agreed to introduce a national care guarantee (non statutory) with effect from 2005-11-01. In spite of economic investment and reduced waiting times, it is however felt to be uncertain that the guarantee will reduce waiting times in the long-term. A deconstructive reading is made of the fundamental assumptions underlying the care guarantee. There is also a reading of what it does and does not encompass, as well as its relationship with the concept of prioritization. The care guarantee, in contrast to political promises, does not encompass the entire chain of care since examinations and investigations conducted prior to an appointment or treatment are not counted as part of the time limits. Therefore the care guarantee thus does not constitute a complete offer of healthcare within a certain period of time. What also seems clear when reading the care guarantee is that it does not encompass a quality dimensions.

The report discusses the cap and penalty Era, Airport and airway safety and capacity expansion act of 1987, Current FAA Funding Guarantees and Funding guarantee options.

The idea of a youth guarantee was discussed in a number of Scandinavian countries in the mid 1970s. In Sweden the idea of an 'education or employment guarantee' was raised in a bill put to Parliament by the People's Party in 1975. At the same time similar ideas were being put forward by other bodies including the Central Party and the Moderate Coalition Party. In 1976 the municipalities were given the responsibility of following the progress of young people under the age of 18 and the Education Ordinance made it clear that the aim was to give young people 'an opportunity for employment, work experience or training/education' (National Swedish Board of Education, 1982, p1).
In Norway a youth guarantee was discussed by a committee examining the problems facing young people in a report issued in 1976. The following year the government put forward a 'youth guarantee' as a policy objective. In a paper laid before the Norwegian Parliament the government argued that society has a formal responsibility for the transitional phase between education and employment:

The purpose of this study, commissioned by the Ministry of Justice, was to report on the state of positive law on guarantees and other personal guarantees. The guarantee, which was presented less than 30 years ago as a security in decline, seems to have seen considerable renewal in practice since then. In any event, it gives rise to ongoing litigation at the same time as it has given rise, for some 15 years, to extraordinary legislative and, above all, case-law. As a result, a sector of law which has remained stable since the Civil Code has been disrupted. In return, however, there is a lack of confidence in the guarantee on the part of certain creditors who turn to new forms of personal security not governed by law. Thus, in order to better understand the 'crisis' of the spontaneous guarantee diagnosed, it appears necessary to supplement the analysis of the legislative and case-law rules relating to that contract and other personal guarantees with a (necessarily limited) approach to the litigation brought about by those guarantees. Although the proceedings before the courts dealing with the substance of the case appear only on the basis of the figures of the claims brought before them, it was possible, on the other hand, to conduct a systematic study of the disputes relating to guarantees and other personal guarantees before the Cour de cassation. On the basis of the CD Rom Lexilaser Cassation 1986-1995, all the judgments handed down by the Cour de cassation (Court of Cassation) over the last ten years have been recorded. The census provided a clear idea of the types of guarantee that give rise to litigation, the types of questions raised, and the concrete results obtained by those involved. This information is not only valuable in itself: they also shed new light on the rules of case-law which emerge from the judgments delivered, for example by making it possible to ascertain to what extent a rule, favourable in its wording to a particular actor, actually enables it to obtain a positive concrete result before ...

The announcement that private facilities are to be used to provide some healthcare services without charge to NHS patients is an important step on the road to improving the NHS. More such steps should be takenAll UK citizens should be given an NHS Guarantee card, like a credit card, that guarantees them free treatment. Their Health Guarantee card must give whoever treats them full access to their health records, previous treatments, together with any previous or current conditions. It must cover the cost of their treatment, funded by the state.In the event of any delay in access to treatment in the public health sector, the card should be valid for private sector treatment, with a cap on costs similar to those widely used in automotive and housing insurance. Such caps should be subject to periodic review by the Department for Health and Social Care.































































































With the funding of healthcare covered by social insurance, the delivery of healthcare should be provided by a mix of public and private facilities paid by the state or private insurers on the basis of the treatments they deliver. GPs should be paid according to the number of times they see and treat patients, with in-person consultations paying more than video or telephone meetings. Doctors would be paid for providing healthcare for patients, rather than for having them on their books, which is the current system.Similarly, hospitals and consultants should receive their funding according to the treatments they provide. The government should make contracts with them to provide healthcare on an agreed basis.GPs, consultants and hospitals should be given their independence through a wider rollout of NHS Foundation Trusts, rather than being managed by a centralized bureaucracy. They should compete to provide treatments, to attract patients, and might be encouraged to specialize in doing what they do best.There should be tax deductions for those who use supplementary private insurance to save the state money and resources. This happens in Australia, where most people take out private cover in addition to the state's Medicare programme that guarantees them treatment. Since the private insurers cannot take into account the current health status of the applicant, the risk is pooled.UK doctors are leaving in significant numbers to go to Australia, some as soon as they have finished their qualifications. Yes the changes outlined herein could potentially make the UK's NHS as efficient, as attractive, and as popular as healthcare in Australia is.

This paper aims at investigating bank guarantees in Iranian law and exploring new and different bases for the nature of bank guarantees that create liabilities and make accepting this legal action simpler for community members. In other words, we have been in a position to answer these questions: What is the nature of bank guarantees? In other words, do bank guarantees include civil or commercial guarantees? Finally, according to the proposed principles and introduced ideas, it seems that bank guarantees cannot act as a Civil or Commercial Guarantee. It should also be acknowledged that bank guarantee letter is an innovative financial tool that is very important in commercial contracts and in particular international contracts, because they minimize economic risk of the contract and are strong executive guaranty. In general, no contract can be executed or take effect without bank guarantees and insurance.