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The aftermath of the Arab Spring was leaving a great turnover for many countries as the regime changed, so does Egypt. As one of the most influential countries both in the Middle East and North Africa, Egypt's domestic politics is quite dynamics since immemorial time, from numerous kingdoms, West colonialism until republic under the authoritarian regime in this modern days. For once, the dynamics of politics itself comes from the grass-root level whichever reached the top such as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun or Muslim Brotherhood and Salafi Movements which caught people's attention, not only in Egypt but the entire world. Both basically have religious intentions as it is considered Islamic movements except for their differences in political experience, religious interpretation and manners overpower contestation. Although Egypt currently is controlled by a military coup regime that tends to perpetuate the power, the Brotherhood and Salafi Movements which likewise spread to many countries still lurking and it might be consolidating the power to turn back the democracy to Egyptian who suffer from authoritarian style regime ever since the establishment of the nation after independence from British colonialism. This paper is aimed to describe the policy of the Islamic movement in Egypt which is based on religious intention and the interaction with politics and democratic goal from the nature of establishment, during the Arab Spring and the prospect for Muslim Brotherhood and Salafi Movements as the unrest recently occured.

In a sense this paper provides a 'how to' of industrial decentralisation (ID)- the in­stitutions which should be approached by companies interested in ID, and the interrelationships among these institu­tions. The goal of this paper, however, is broader. It is to chronicle the institutional and financial changes which have been brought about by the reformulation of ID policy, and especially by the form­ation of the Development Bank of South­ern Africa (DBSA). Our object is to con­sider the implications of these changes. We are concerned both with the impact of the challeges on the private sector, and also with the extent to which they will contribute to the attainment of the objec­tives of Goverment policy. The paper consists of four sections. Thefirst section contains a brief introduction to the political-economic framework of the ID policy. In the second we provide an overview of the institutional and finan­cial arrangements circa 1981. The over­view provides a basis both for tracing the changes which have occurred, and for suggesting why they were thought neces­sary. The final section contains our prognostications for the future of ID policy, especially as it affects the private sector.

Since 1991, public finance of the Colombian Central Government reveals an explosive pattern in the burden in terms of GDP of interest payments of public debt, reaching levels over 4%. This behavior is deeply connected with a debt financing public policy based on issuing public debt in the private financial market subjected to oligopolistic rates determined by a small group of financial agents that are price makers. This work is oriented to establish the macroeconomic effects of the reorientation of public debt financing policy in Colombia since the Constitution of 1991 was implemented, developing a theoretical, institutional and empirical inquiry regarding the causes of the explosive growth of the domestic public debt observed, based on orthodox recommendations inspired on the Washington consensus and the so called new consensus in Macroeconomics. These assumptions privileged inflation targeting and the almost absolute impossibility of using primary emission as a less expensive central government deficit financing, which forced the government to lend in private financial markets with higher social and economic costs compared with the same variables in previous decades. ; Las finanzas del Gobierno Nacional Central de Colombia desde 1991 reflejan un patrón explosivo en el crecimiento de la carga de intereses de la deuda sobre el PIB, alcanzando niveles superiores al 4% Este comportamiento está estrechamente relacionado con la política de endeudamiento basada en las colocaciones de títulos de deuda en el mercado financiero a tasas oligopsónicas fijadas por el grupo de bancos compradores denominado Creadores de mercado. El presente trabajo va dirigido a establecer los efectos macroeconómicos de la reorientación de la política financiera de los déficits del gobierno central colombianos desde 1991, indagando a nivel teórico, institucional y empírico en las causas del crecimiento explosivo de la deuda pública interna observado desde que la Constitución de 1991, inspirada en los preceptos ortodoxos del Consenso de Washington y del Nuevo Consenso en Macroeconomía. Dichos preceptos privilegiaron la inflación objetivo y la imposibilidad de la emisión monetaria como una alternativa más económica para el financiamiento del gobierno central, lo cual obligó al Gobierno a acudir a recursos en el mercado financiero interno a costos económicos y sociales superiores a los incurridos en décadas precedentes.

Indonesian Government has launched various programs to overcome population problems. Postpartum Family planning program is included in maternal insurance program, so every partum mother can immediately insert Post-placenta IUD for free. The failure of inserting IUD contraception in Indonesia reached 37.75%. The result of this review can be taken into consideration regarding goverment policy about Postpartum Family Planing Programe. The design of this study is literature review. The selected articles are those relating to IUD Post-placenta expulsion. Database PubMed used to cellecting article. We only take article that published from 2010 – 2018. The analysis of 11 journals showed that the IUD post-placenta have rates of expulsion varies from some article, the lowest 1,4 % and highest 24 %. Then delayed insertion of IUD have expulsion rates 0 % up to 37%. This review supports the evidence that insertion of an IUD Postplacenta after vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery is safe. Expulsion rates should be further studied in larger randomised controlled trials.

Indonesian Government has launched various programs to overcome population problems. Postpartum Family planning program is included in maternal insurance program, so every partum mother can immediately insert Post-placenta IUD for free. The failure of inserting IUD contraception in Indonesia reached 37.75%. The result of this review can be taken into consideration regarding goverment policy about Postpartum Family Planing Programe. The design of this study is literature review. The selected articles are those relating to IUD Post-placenta expulsion. Database PubMed used to cellecting article. We only take article that published from 2010 – 2018. The analysis of 11 journals showed that the IUD post-placenta have rates of expulsion varies from some article, the lowest 1,4 % and highest 24 %. Then delayed insertion of IUD have expulsion rates 0 % up to 37%. This review supports the evidence that insertion of an IUD Postplacenta after vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery is safe. Expulsion rates should be further studied in larger randomised controlled trials.

The objective of this research in aim at finding out the information related to the implementation of Local Government Regulation No.10 2002 obout underground water management. The research finding reveal that this regulation has been well implemented based on data which collected by applying interview. Most of Bekasi people stuted that information about this regulation formal from other people and well socialized by local goverment in change of.

Abstract: Regional autonomy can not be separated from the issue of the financial capacity of each region. In the previous year, autonomy is always associated with Automoney, it means that the independence of region in organizing its authority can be measured from its ability to explore the sources of income of its own. The Act No. 33 of 2004 is very concerning about the financial balance and accountability between the central government and the region in particular. This study used qualitative method, where data sources are obtained through field observation and literature study. The accountability and regional financial control and procedures for regional goverment budget are very important, because corruption seems to have been pervasive in all aspects of life, including in the government system. The linkage of administrative law with criminal law can be understood because both of them are a public law and in the process of law enforcement, criminal sanctions (criminal law) used to strengthen sanctions in state administrative law. In this case the criminal law is used to enforce the norms in other fields of law, or in other words functionalize the criminal law in the field of law.Keywords: Regional Autonomy, Accountability, Government, Law

Political communication aspirational government officials will bring a harmonious relationship between government officials and the public, so as to improve public services better. Communication also makes good political government policy based on the aspirations of the community, and the community will participate in any policy made by the local government because they feel involved. This research was conducted in Malang by using quantitative methods with simple linear regression analysis. Determination of sampling using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis with SPSS to test the research hypothesis. The results of this study stated that the Political Communication and a significant positive effect on the Public Service.

The objective of study are twofolds : analysing the achievement of tourism development in Bogor Regency retrospectively and analysing policy development prospectively that can be used by local goverment in order to develop the contribution of tourism sector to generate local revenue. This study use mixed method (quantive and qualitative) sequential-explanatory with unit of analysis consist of 2 components : implementors and policy targets. Focus Group Discussion with stakeholders is used to elaborate problems and alternative solutions being offered. Based on analysis result, it can be described that there are several policy problems encountered by local government related to tourism development namely : lack of competence and professional human resources, especially with tourism competency; lack of good infrastructure to and from tourism destination places; inconsistencies between the implementation of RTRW (spatial plan) and the utilization of spaces for the benefit of the tourism industry , lack of commitment and consistency of the Regent to develop tourism and lack of coordination among related-parties/agencies. In order to make tourism development getting better in the future, policy development is a crucial point. It is important to develop policy options based on real problem and develop policy capacity for those who involved in policy arena, especially policy maker and policy analyst. A Guide of Policy Development can be used as useful guidance to formulate and implement policy effectively.

Tourism in Indonesia has rapidly developed and has supported the economic development of the country over three decades. Along with the issues of global sustainability, most governments in the world, including Indonesia, have committed to developing tourism in a sustainable manner. The national tourism policy thus becomes an important tool to control the development, where the natural and cultural resources are intensively utilized to support tourism. As a focal part in policy making, the national government has a significant role to ensure the attainment of sustainable tourism. However, the integration of the concept of sustainable development in the national tourism policy has been moderated when the economy of Indonesia particularly in the tourism industry is currently facing depression and has not to get back to the level as achieved in the past decade.

Abstract This study aims to obtain explanations about the implementation of positioning mutation in the government of Soppeng regency. The method which used in this study is descriptive type in purpose to give a fact about the implementation of positioning mutation in the goverment of Soppeng regency in case of appointment the civil servant and find out about the implication of the implementation of positioning mutation in the government of Soppeng regency. Data is analyzed qualitatively. Data collecting technique which is observation and interview library study and documentation. The results of study showed that employees are in accordance with the principles profesionalism among base on competence, work performance, and objective condition only regardless of gender, religion, rece, or groups. Mutation were held in 2016, namely in August in government shows no political implications and administrative governmance. Keywords: mutation, government.

Garam merupakan komoditas strategis Indonesia yang permintaannya akan terus meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk. Adanya ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan garam dalam negeri dengan produksi garam domestik mendorong pemerintah untuk melakukan impor garam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi volume permintaan dan efektivitas kebijakan impor garam Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi data panel dari tahun 2004-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap volume permintaan impor garam Indonesia yaitu: produksi garam domestik, harga garam impor, Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) riil Indonesia, PDB riil negara sumber impor dan nilai tukar riil. Produksi garam domestik dan harga garam impor memiliki hubungan yang negatif dengan volume impor, sedangkan variabel lainnya memiliki hubungan yang positif. Temuan lain adalah kebijakan impor yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah belum sepenuhnya efektif diterapkan pada saat studi ini dilakukan. Rekomendasi kebijakan yang seharusnya dapat diterapkan oleh pemerintah yaitu sinkronisasi data, penguatan pengawasan kebijakan impor, serta intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi lahan untuk meningkatkan produksi garam domestik. Salt is a strategic commodity which its demand will continue to increase along with the increasing population. The imbalance between the demand and the supply of salt in Indonesia encourages the government to import salt. This study aimed to analyze: the factors that influence the demand of salt import, the effectiveness of salt import and alternative formulation of domestic salt policies. The panel regression model was conducted to address the problem. The study found that the variables that significantly influenced the import demand of salt in Indonesia were domestic salt production, imported salt price, real GDP of Indonesia, real GDP of importing source country and real exchange rate. Domestic salt production and imported salt price had a negative relationship towards import volume, while other variables had a positive relationship. Another finding is that the goverment policy of importing salt has not been fully implemented at the time of this study. The policies that should be further improved by the goverment can be done by synchronizing the data, strenghtening the monitoring import policy, land intensification and extension support in order to produce salt.

Book Reviewed in this article:Competitive Policy Council. 1992 First Annunal Report to the President and Congress: Building A Competitive AmericanCouncil on Competitiveness. 1991. Gaining New Ground: Technology Priorityes for American's FutureNational Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Publick Policy, panel on the Goverment Role in Civilan Technology. 1992. the Goverment Role in Civialian Technology: Building a New AllianceU.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment 1991. Biotechnology in a Global EconomyFranklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins. 1992 The search for Rational Droug Control

In this article the shift of the Swedish goverment´s policies for the financing through taxation, fees and prices paid for the use of roads and railroads from 1945 until the 2010s is discussed. It is argued that the shift from a full-cost coverage principle to a short term social marginal cost principle can be seen in the light of the controversy between a Coasean and a Pigovian perspective. The Coasean perspective furthers an institutional view where organizations and dynamic development matters while the Pigovian perspective furthers a welfare economic equilibrium view where organizations are less focused. It is argued that the shift in policies coincided with less interest and focus on the organizational perspective and incentives for organizational efficiency, which can be seen in the public documents from the time. The government seems to have been guided by a mar ket failure stance since the 1970s which has motivated growing intervention, following a mar ket-economy stance in the first 25 years after the nationalization of roads and railroads. A current opening in transport infrastructure policies with more room for alternative financing, user charges and fees might, even though also consistent with short term social marginal cost principles, signal a revival of a perspective more in line with the Coasean view. ; QC 20130614