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ABSTRACTBenefit sharing is an ethical issue that underscores the need to find a balance between access to genetic resources and the provision of fair benefits in exchange for access. The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is one of the few initiatives to have engaged with the topic of benefit sharing in human genomics. However, there is a lack of clarity on what benefit sharing entails in human genomics research and how it could be implemented in practice. This paper reports on a qualitative study that explored the views and expectations of benefit sharing by a group of genomics researchers in sub‐Saharan Africa. Overall, while there was little awareness of benefit sharing among the researchers, there was support for benefit sharing in human genetics, and this was based on principles of fairness, solidarity, and reciprocity. This in‐depth explorative study demonstrates the need for genomics research consortia in Africa to have open discussions on benefit sharing and to develop ethics frameworks for benefit sharing in population genomics studies in Africa. HUGO's statement on benefit sharing and the Nagoya Protocol could provide guidance.

Selective breeding of tilapia populations started in the early 1990s and over the past three decades tilapia has become one of the most important farmed freshwater species, being produced in more than 125 countries around the globe. Although genome assemblies have been available since 2011, most of the tilapia industry still depends on classical selection techniques using mass spawning or pedigree information to select for growth traits with reported genetic gains of up to 20% per generation. The involvement of international breeding companies and research institutions has resulted in the rapid development and application of genomic resources in the last few years. GWAS and genomic selection are expected to contribute to uncovering the genetic variants involved in economically relevant traits and increasing the genetic gain in selective breeding programs, respectively. Developments over the next few years will probably focus on achieving a deep understanding of genetic architecture of complex traits, as well as accelerating genetic progress in the selection for growth-, quality- and robustness-related traits. Novel phenotyping technologies (i.e. phenomics), lower-cost whole-genome sequencing approaches, functional genomics and gene editing tools will be crucial in future developments for the improvement of tilapia aquaculture. ; Nucleo Milenio INVASAL - Chile's government program, Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio from Ministerio de Economia, Fomento y Turismo Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 3190553

In January 2022, the UK Government Office for Science (GoS) released Genomics Beyond Healthcare,1 a report with explicit recommendations for 'greater public dialogue' around the application of genomic technology.

"Public health genomics is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the effective and responsible translation of genome-based knowledge and technologies to improve population health. Public health genomics uses populationbased data on genetic variation and gene-environment interactions to develop evidence-based tools for improving health and preventing disease. Through the National Office of Public Health Genomics (NOPHG), CDC provides national and international leadership in public health genomics, while building partnerships with other federal agencies, public health organizations, professional groups, and the private sector." - p. 1 ; 1. Public health genomics at CDC: 1997-2007 -- 2. Projects of the National Office of Public Health Genomics -- 3. Vision for the next 10 years of public health genomics at CDC -- 4. Genomics workforce competencies -- 5. Bibliography of NOPHG publications -- 6. NOPHG conferences and meetings ; "December 2007." ; Produced by the National Office of Public Health Genomics in the Coordinating Center for Health Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); edited by: Sara Bedrosian [et al.]. ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (3.99 MB, 88 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Office of Public Health Genomics. 10 Years of Public Health Genomics at CDC 1997-2007, Atlanta, GA: 2007. Also available from URL: www.cdc.gov/genomics/activities/ogdp/decade.htm

The enormous advances in genetics and genomics of the past decade have the potential to revolutionize health care, including mental health care, and bring about a system predominantly characterized by the practice of genomic and personalized medicine. We briefly review the history of genetics and genomics and present heritability estimates for major chronic diseases of aging and neuropsychiatric disorders. We then assess the extent to which the results of genetic and genomic studies are currently being leveraged clinically for disease treatment and prevention and identify priority research areas in which further work is needed. Pharmacogenomics has emerged as one area of genomics that already has had notable impacts on disease treatment and the practice of medicine. Little evidence, however, for the clinical validity and utility of predictive testing based on genomic information is available, and thus has, to some extent, hindered broader-scale preventive efforts for common, complex diseases. Furthermore, although other disease areas have had greater success in identifying genetic factors responsible for various conditions, progress in identifying the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric diseases has lagged behind. We review social, economic, and policy issues relevant to genomic medicine, and find that a new model of health care based on proactive and preventive health planning and individualized treatment will require major advances in health care policy and administration. Specifically, incentives for relevant stakeholders are critical, as are realignment of incentives and education initiatives for physicians, and updates to pertinent legislation. Moreover, the translational behavioral and public health research necessary for fully integrating genomics into health care is lacking, and further work in these areas is needed. In short, while the pace of advances in genetic and genomic science and technology has been rapid, more work is needed to fully realize the potential for impacting disease treatment and ...