Suchergebnisse

Public reports to the police are a key component of the formal social control process and have distinct interracial dynamics. This study examines the relationship between incident severity, neighborhood context, and participant race and patterns in the determination of probable cause and arrest in reactive police contacts. We utilize a complete record of police incidents in Seattle, Washington from 2008 through 2012 including information on race of reporters and targets and type of offense. These data are matched to longitudinal tract–level census data to evaluate how incident outcomes relate to neighborhood change. Results indicate that black targets are more frequently subject to arrest overall, particularly in changing neighborhoods and when reporters are white. For nuisance crimes such as public disturbances, probable cause is found more often for white reporters but less often in changing neighborhoods.

In this introduction to the special issue 'Transcending (in)formal urbanism' we outline the important place that informal urbanism has acquired in urban theorising, and an agenda to further this standing towards an even more explicit role in defining how we research cities. We note how informality has frequently been perceived as the formal's 'other' implying a necessary 'othering' of informality that creates dualisms between formal and informal, a localised informal and a globalising formal, or an informal resistance and a formal neoliberal control, that this special issue seeks to challenge. The introduction, and the issue, aim to prompt a dialogue across a diversity of disciplinary approaches still rarely in communication, with the goal of going beyond ('transcending') the othering of informality for the benefit of a more inclusive urban theory contribution. The introduction suggests three related steps that could help with transcending dualisms in the understanding of informality: first, to transcend the disciplinary boundaries that limit informal urbanism to the study of housing or the labour market; second, to transcend the way in which informality is understood as separate from the domain of the formal (processes, institutions, mechanisms); and, third, to transcend the way in which informality is so tightly held in relation to understandings of neoliberalism. Challenging where the confines of urban studies might be, we argue for informality to better serve and broaden the community of urban research towards a more global urban theorising, starting from situated experiences and including cross-disciplinary experimentation.

In the neopatrimonial context, formal institutions cohabit the governance space with informal institutions. Azerbaijan is a good example of how formal institutions such as referendums, elections and the judiciary are used as window dressing behind which patrimonial relationships thrive and proliferate. While written rules act as a façade, they perform useful functions for the regime, allowing the ruler to create the appearance of legality and maintain autocratic control of the system. However, the patrimonial informality (or informalities) that underpin the neopatrimonial system and govern actual behaviour ultimately undermine the formal 'institutions as constraints' basis, which is necessary for democracy and the impartial rule of law to take root.

Part I. Introduction and history. Control is fundamental / Sim B. Sitkin, Laura B. Cardinal, and Katinka M. Bijlsma-Frankema ; A historical perspective on organizational control / Roger L.M. Dunbar and Matt Statler -- Part II. Conceptions of organizational control. A configurational theory of control / Laura B. Cardinal, Sim B. Sitkin, and Chris P. Long ; Critical perspectives on organizational control : reflections and prospects / Rick Delbridge -- Part III. Identity, attention, and motivation in organizational control. Identity work and control in occupational communities / John Van Maanen ; Organizational identity and control : can the two go together? / Elizabeth George and Ciuli Qian ; Attention and control / William Ocasio and Franz Wohlgezogen ; The role of motivational orientations in formal and informal control / M. Audrey Korsgaard, Bruce M. Meglino, and Sophia S. Jeong -- Part IV. Relational control. Relational networks, strategic advantage : new challenges for collaborative control / John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Mariann Jelinek ; Toward a theory of relational control : how relationship structure influences the choice of control / Laurie J. Kirsch and Vivek Choudhury ; Peer control in organizations / Misty L. Loughry -- Part V. Managerial and strategic control. Control to cooperation : examining the role of managerial authority in portfolios of managerial actions / Chris P. Long ; Consequences and antecedents of managerial and employee legitimacy interpretations of control : a natural open system approach / Katinka M. Bijlsma-Frankema and Ana Cristina Costa ; Managerial objectives of formal control : high motivation control mechanisms / Antoinette Weibel ; Control configurations and strategic initiatives / Markus Kreutzer and Christoph Lechner

This paper analyzes the influence of national culture on the integration mechan isms exercised in international acquisitions. The study of 75 international acquisi tions in Europe (France and the United Kingdom) shows that firms are influenced by their national administrative heritage when they acquire companies abroad. For instance, the French exercise higher formal control of the strategy and the operations, and lower informal control through teamwork than the Americans when they buy firms in the United Kingdom. The Americans exercise higher formal control through procedures than the British when they buy firms in France. As some of these aspects of control were found to be linked with the attitudinal and/or economic performance of the acquired company, we argue that being conscious of the influence of a national administrative heritage should help anticipate cultural problems in the integration process following international acquisitions.

Theories of bureaucracy in organization studies constitute a perspective in which formal or written rules are seen as fundamental to the understanding of organization. It is argued, for example, that formal rules facilitate organizational decision-making, establish the basis for coordination and control, and help to increase an organization's legitimacy within the broader institutional environment. Like other elements of organizations, rules also change over time with potential consequences for decision-making, coordination, and legitimacy. This dissertation takes up questions about the causes of continuity and change of formal organizational rules, as well as of bureaucratic organizational forms more broadly. The first conceptual essay (Chapter 2) starts with the observation that bureaucracy is a remarkably persistent organizational form and suggests that the reproduction or transformation of this form and its prevalence in various organizational fields depends on the agency and interaction of different expert groups. In Chapter 3, we present a conceptual account of the dynamic process of codification and enforcement of formal rules and its influence on the preservation and retrieval of organizational memory via these rules. In Chapter 4, we offer a conceptual account of how the process of using existing formal rules to deal with new organizational problems can ultimately lead to change in such rules. Finally, Chapter 5 reports the results of a longitudinal empirical study of rule changes in UNESCO's World Heritage Program. We find that that rule makers' cultural heterogeneity tends to delay rule changes, while rule makers' normative power tends to accelerate them.

Prepared at Boeing Military Airplanes for Langley Research Center under Contract NAS1-18586. ; Bibliography: p. 175-178. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This study examines the impact of formal control and informal control on delinquency and youth status achievement. Theories relating to social control, delinquency, and status achievement, including labeling, deterrence, and social bond, are integrated under the life course perspective. A structural equation model based on a set of longitudinal data is used to test the impact of social control on delinquency and status achievement. This study finds that formal sanctions have a negative effect on status achievement. Informal social control, measured by the strength of social bond, increases the likelihood of high status achievement by decreasing youths' involvement in delinquent relationships and antisocial behavior. This study demonstrates the need for integrating both formal control and informal control into status attainment research.

The rise of reassurance policing in the UK, informed by ideas drawn from a Signal Crimes Perspective, replaced a narrow focus on controlling crime with a broader emphasis on communicating security. This paper provides a sympathetic critique of dominant assumptions implied in this policy shift concerning the reassurance function of policing. Important in these theoretically informed policy debates is the idea that the police and their partners, through symbolic communications, can influence the extent to which individuals perceive that order and security exist within urban spaces. The paper draws on research findings to illustrate the contrasting ways visible signifiers of crime and formal controls are received and interpreted by diverse audiences. It challenges assumptions about the impact of criminal activities upon perceptions of safety and contributes insights into the unintended effects of formal controls that have implications for our understanding of local social order.

El argumento central del presente artículo plantea que la tensión entre legislación y jurisdicción constitucional puede ser resuelta con la ayuda de los principios formales. Tradicionalmente esta tensión ha venido siendo resuelta mediante argumentos referidos a un autocontrol del órgano jurisdiccional tales como el judicial self-restraint y la political question. Estos argumentos no son suficientes para determinar el ámbito de discrecionalidad del órgano creador de normas, así como para dotar de legitimidad a sus decisiones. Los principios formales permitirían no solo determinar el margen de decisión tanto del órgano legislativo como del jurisdiccional, sino también fundamentar la legitimidad de las decisiones autoritativas provenientes de un procedimiento de toma de decisión. Ambos aspectos constituyen condiciones necesarias de la institucionalización de la razón y son el núcleo de la autoridad del derecho. En el presente trabajo nos referiremos sustancialmente a la tensión existente entre jurisdicción constitucional y legislación, y cómo pueden los denominados "principios formales" aportar una solución factible a dicha tensión.