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In the early 1990s, New Zealand cut benefits and tightened eligibility criteria under its main social welfare programmes. These benefit changes varied substantially across both time and demographic groups. Synthetic panel data are used econometrically to isolate the effects of these reforms on several dimensions of 'unemployment' behaviour. A simple theoretical model suggests that cutting benefits could either increase or decrease excess labour supply. Our results indicate that these reforms increased the official unemployment rate by nearly one–quarter of a percentage point, but significantly reduced broader measures of economic inactivity or the under–utilization of labour in the New Zealand economy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to quantify the duration of work participation and reasons for working years lost, according to gender and educational attainment, among a Norwegian population.
METHODS: Register data on labor market attachment between 2000–2015 were obtained from Statistics Norway. We included five cohorts: individuals turning 20 (N=323 333), 30 (N=386 006), 40 (N=388 962), 50 (N=358 745), and 60 years (N=284 425) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2005. Individuals were followed for ten years. Data completeness allowed calculation of the average time spent in work and years lost to health-related absences and non-employment states per cohort. Changes in state probabilities over time were also depicted. Mean differences between genders and educational levels, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
RESULTS: Both genders spent most time in work; however, per cohort, women worked approximately one year less than men. As cohorts aged, main reasons for working years lost changed from education and economic inactivity to sickness absence and disability pensioning; this trend was stronger for women than men. Individuals with a low education spent fewer years in work and more years in sickness absence and disability pensioning than highly educated peers. This difference tended to be larger for women and older cohorts.
CONCLUSIONS: Per cohort, women participated one year less in work than men and, depending on age, spent more time in education, economic inactivity, sickness absence, and disability pensioning. Stronger educational gradients were seen for work and health-related absences for older cohorts and women.

A new book "Becoming adult in hard times: current and future issues on job insecurity and autonomy" by EXCEPT scholars from the University of Turin (Italy) and Umea University (Sweden) has been published. In the book, the authors look beyond unemployment rates to focus on the direct effects of the recent economic recession on young people's daily lives. The book examines in detail the consequences of early job insecurity and labour market exclusion (i.e. unemployment or economic inactivity) for European youth's autonomy in terms of leaving parental home and forming their own family.. Through a fruitful scientific dialogue between sociology and psychology, the authors critically discuss available literature on the transition from youth to adult life.

The labor market can be represented by the degree of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity. The degree of employment is influenced by the decisions taken by employers at a given moment, by the legislative changes and developments of activity fields. Given the factors of production, labor, nature and capital, the most representative for the economic entity is the workforce. That is why, when designing the organization of various activities, account is taken of both the evolution of the market and the availability of the workforce, thus being included in the development of the society dimension. The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of the workforce in Romania, both in terms of the unemployment rate and the degree of employability.

The crisis of late 2000s has confirmed that the institutional structure of the labor market remains one of the main factors influencing employment under changing economic conditions. At first glance, in many European countries the containment of unemployment was executed successfully during the crisis. However, this can prevent a recovery of demand for labor and lead to maintaining and even increasing the unemployment and economic inactivity. All this may exacerbate the problem of segmentation of the labor market. In turn, as the economic situation improves the rapid growth of unemployment in the United States and some other countries with liberal model of labor market can quickly be quickly replaced by the opposite trend. Namely, even though the unemployment rate may not go back to the pre-crisis level it can, at least, again approach to it.

Intro -- Table of contents -- Basic Statistics of Slovenia, 2013 -- Acronyms -- Executive summary -- Main findings -- Key recommendations -- Assessment and recommendations -- Figure 1. Growth was strong after independence -- Figure 2. Rapid catch-up stalled after the crisis -- Figure 3. Income inequality is low -- Figure 4. Well-being outcomes: Better Life Index -- Table 1. Reforms approved and being implemented -- Macroeconomic outlook -- Economic recovery remains fragile -- Table 2. The impact of recent structural reforms on GDP over 5 and 10 years -- Figure 5. Key macroeconomic developments -- Table 3. Macroeconomic indicators and projections -- Restoring the financial sector and corporate deleveraging -- Figure 6. The banking sector was hit hard by the boom-bust credit cycle, but restructuring efforts have resulted in improvements -- Figure 7. The banking sector remains weak and credit activity is subdued -- Enhancing the role of BAMC in dealing with bad assets -- Improving bank supervision and business practices of banks -- An improved insolvency framework will speed up corporate restructuring -- Figure 8. The debt overhang is concentrated in a few companies -- Figure 9. Deleveraging has been under way, while corporates still face elevated funding costs -- Recommendations on restructuring and deleveraging the banking sector and the corporate sector -- Ensuring sustainable public finances -- Figure 10. The government pursues fiscal consolidation but public debt keeps rising -- Figure 11. Structural primary surpluses will be needed to stabilise debt while age-related expenditures will exert additional pressure -- Figure 12. Public expenditure is high and rising -- Structural reform of public expenditure is key to reducing public debt -- Table 4. Inactivity traps and unemployment traps are high in international comparison.

In this study, I compare the labour market outcomes of school completers and school dropouts 10 years after they have entered upper secondary education. I compare second-generation immigrant youth from Turkey, Morocco, Pakistan, Vietnam, India and Chile with native majority youth in terms of economic inactivity, employment probability and educational enrolment. I use register data from Statistics Norway, which contain information on all students who entered upper secondary school between 1994 and 1998. The results show that youths who drop out of school have a lower probability of being employed than school completers. However, the labour market penalty of dropping out is not more excessive among second-generation immigrant youth than among native majority youth.

"While much research has focused on the costs of obesity and economic factors that drive obesity growth, little economic research has examined the factors that contribute to obesity -- physical inactivity and poor nutrition. This paper will examine correlates and predictors of physical activity over time with emphasis on economic factors. We use data for adults from the 2000-2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey that includes state and county codes for each individual that allows us to add supplementary data on state beer and cigarette taxes, local transportation costs, availability of gyms and recreational facilities, county unemployment, crime rates, and prices of related goods. We find that income and education has a strong and consistently positive effect on physical activity across specifications. Sin taxes have no effect on the likelihood of any exercise but generally have negative effects on vigorous exercise or moderate and vigorous exercise. Physical activity is more likely when there are more parks per capita in a county. Our results above are robust to the inclusion of weight status and use of flu shots (a measure of an individual's tendency towards prevention)"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

Data from the 1980 and 1981 General Household Surveys are used to examine patterns of economic activity in the families of origin of economically active 16-19 year olds. It is shown that unemployed young people are much more likely than their working peers to have another member of their family out of work, both in the parental and sibling generations; there is also an association between youth unemployment and economic inactivity in the family. Logistic regression shows that family employment characteristics contribute very importantly to the prediction of individual youth unemployment when many other variables associated with unemployment are controlled. Reasons are considered for supposing a causal link between parental and youth unemployment. The findings have implications for how the burden of unemployment is shared in Britain and for the attitudes of some groups of young people towards work.

Internal locus of control is associated with academic success and indicators of wellbeing in youth. There is however less understanding regarding the role of locus of control in shaping the transition from school to work beyond the more widely studied predictors of socioeconomic background and academic attainment. Guided by a socio-ecological model of agency, the current study examines to which extent internal locus of control, understood as an indicator of individual agency, can compensate for a lack of socioeconomic resources by moderating the association between parental disadvantage and difficulties in the transition from school to work. We draw on data collected from a longitudinal nationally representative cohort of 15,770 English youth (48% female) born in 1989/90, following their lives from age 14 to 20. The results suggest that the influence of agency is limited to situations where socioeconomic risk is not overpowering. While internal locus of control may help to compensate for background disadvantage regarding avoidance of economic inactivity and unemployment to some extent, it does not provide protection against long-term inactivity, i.e. more than 6 months spent not in education, employment or training.

Health inequalities are widening, and crises of obesity, physical inactivity and mental health are worsening around the world. Yet there remains a reluctance to discuss the threat capitalism poses to health and wellbeing. Offering a unique contribution to the field, Capitalism, Health and Wellbeing: Rethinking Economic Growth for a Healthier, Sustainable Future addresses the elephant in the room: economic growth. Challenging this crucial yet overlooked issue, author Rob Noonan contends that the drive for economic growth is at odds with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals to achieve a better and more sustainable future. He argues that if the 'health for all' goal is to be achieved, it is imperative to redesign the economic system and social progress metrics that promote productivity and consumption at the expense of health and wellbeing. While clearly outlining the challenges governments face, Noonan offers solutions on how we can reverse the accelerating trends of obesity, physical inactivity and poor mental health, as well as how we can use scientific understanding and history to improve public health and reduce health inequalities. Rooted in thoughtful evidence and achievable actions, this work empowers readers to contribute to positive transformation and create a healthier, more just and more sustainable world.

A longer working life is one of the major objectives pursued by social policy developed in Poland and other European countries. A considerable, even though decreasing, proportion of older adults takes advantage of early retirement or special solutions that allow them to retire much earlier than the mandatory retirement age. As a result, every third Pole aged 45–69 years is retired. The purpose of the article is to analyse the scale and extent of economic inactivity among men and women aged 45–69 years and its determinants. The article is mainly based on the results of a Poland-wide study the "Diagnosis of Current Situation of Women and Men Aged 50+ on the Labour Market in Poland" financed from the Operational Programme Human Capital.

Spatial concentrations of worklessness remained a key characteristic of labour markets in advanced industrial economies, even during the period of decline in aggregate levels of unemployment and economic inactivity evident from the late 1990s to the economic downturn in 2008. The failure of certain localities to benefit from wider improvements in regional and national labour markets points to a lack of effectiveness in adopted policy approaches, not least in relation to the governance arrangements and policy delivery mechanisms that seek to integrate residents of deprived areas into wider local labour markets. Through analysis of practice in the British context, we explore the difficulties of integrating economic and social policy agendas within and across spatial scales to tackle problems of concentrated worklessness. We present analysis of a number of selected case studies aimed at reducing localised worklessness and identify the possibilities and constraints for effective action given existing governance arrangements and policy priorities to promote economic competitiveness and inclusion.

The article studies the functioning of Ukraine's labor market in 2019–2021 through the prism of the status flows of labor force, for which various methodological techniques of analytical research are consistently applied, which, complementing each other, allow analyzing the flows from different angles of view. So, using micro data on labor force indicators and their characteristics, probabilistic matrices of transitions of Ukraine's population between employment, unemployment and economic inactivity are constructed, assuming that such transitions occur according to the Markov process. As a result, the scope, nature and dominant vectors of the movements of Ukrainians between the three main statuses on the labor market are revealed. Based on the algorithms for calculating Shorrock's indices – proxy indices of mobility, the author carries out an integral assessment of the intensity of inter-status movement in Ukraine's labor market. A similar assessment for a number of European countries makes it possible to propose a basis for cross-country comparison of the level of mobility in Ukraine. Using economic-mathematical modeling of multiple choice, the author reveals socio-demographic factors determining the individual's status on Ukraine's labor market, and in so doing also answers the question of stability of the observed status. It is shown that the analysis of inter-status mobility of labor force provides a powerful basis for better understanding of the functioning of the labor market, characterizes the mechanisms of adaptation of the latter and allows observing the direction and intensity of flows behind any specific change in gross employment, unemployment or economic inactivity, which makes relevant policy measures on the labor market more targeted. In particular, since the analyzed period was marked by increased unemployment in Ukraine, the author establishes the role of flows in the above mentioned dynamics and in the distribution of the risk of job loss, taking into account such socio-demographic characteristics of individuals as gender, age and education level. Understanding such connections is important for developing high quality solutions aimed at reducing unemployment in the country.

AbstractGiven emerging evidence on their troubled transition to work, this study examines patterns, trends and changes in the labour market outcomes of international graduates remaining in Australia at 4 months following course completion between 1998 and 2015. Using the Australian Graduate Survey, this study shows that the share of international graduates who stayed on with the intention to work doubled during this period. The recent cohorts tended to come from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds, hold temporary visas and lack local work experience, all of which have been linked to disadvantageous labour market outcomes. This study further reveals a clear trend of rising economic inactivity, unemployment, part‐time employment and qualification mismatch among international graduates over time, reflecting their vulnerability against a backdrop of socio‐political and economic changes in the country. These findings indicate a need to review and strengthen existing policies and interventions to better help international graduates integrate into the labour market.