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This Element synthesizes the current state of research on organizational social networks from its early foundations to contemporary debates. It highlights the characteristics that make the social network perspective distinctive in the organizational research landscape, including its emphasis on structure and outcomes. It covers the main theoretical developments and summarizes the research design questions that organizational researchers face when collecting and analyzing network data. Then, it discusses current debates ranging from agency and structure to network volatility and personality. Finally, the Element envisages future research directions on the role of brokerage for individuals and communities, network cognition, and the importance of past ties. Overall, the Element provides an innovative angle for understanding organizational social networks, engaging in empirical network research, and nurturing further theoretical development on the role of social interactions and connectedness in modern organizations.

A majority of the nation's military-connected dependents attend civilian public schools, yet there are pervasive inconsistencies in support programs and policies across schools (De Pedro, Astor, Gilreath, Benbenishty, & Esqueda, 2013). High mobility rates present several challenges to children of military Service members, such as learning gaps, social and emotional difficulties, and challenges forming relationships with peers and school personnel (Astor, Jacobson, & Benbenishty, 2012). This study examined how military-connected adolescents bridged their multiple military and civilian worlds in the school context. The theoretical foundations of the study included the Bridging Multiple Worlds (BMW) (Cooper, 2014) model and Social Network theory. The BMW design investigated military-connected adolescents' perceived challenges and strengths of belonging to a military cultural community along with how they accessed resources for overcoming those challenges. Social Capital and Social Network theory situated developmental processes in a socialized context highlighting how interpersonal relationships shape development (Bourdieu, 1986; Daly, Moolenaar, Bolivar, & Burke, 2010). Focus groups revealed participants faced many of the typical challenges facing military-connected youth. They also perceived many of those challenges as having promoted positive developmental outcomes: social skills, resilience, and adaptability. Social networks, friendship networks and support networks, played an important role in overcoming the challenges of navigating their military and civilian worlds. Findings indicated differences in academic outcomes (GPA) between military and civilian participants, as well as between enlisted and officer participants. Findings also indicated different social network patterns between enlisted participants and officer participants. The rich history of military support within the local community and school environment may have influenced how military participants integrated into the whole eighth-grade friendship network. This study sought to fill the research gap by accurately representing the social and educational needs and circumstances of military-connected adolescents in a military-dense civilian middle school and to help educators create highly supportive environments for military-connected adolescents in civilian schools.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- Connectivity and Livability -- Suburban Multifamily Housing -- The Latent Potential for Livability in Suburban Multifamily Housing -- The Book's Purpose -- How to Use This Book -- Further Reading -- Site Design Criteria -- How to Use the Site Design Criteria -- Introduction to Site Design Criteria -- 1. Pedestrian Network -- Recommendations -- 1.1 Sidewalks Connecting Every Destination -- 1.2 Robust Network -- 1.3 Attractive and Usable Pedestrian Paths -- 2. Street Network -- Recommendations -- 2.1 Legible System of Streets and Blocks -- 2.2 Connection and Continuity to Adjacent Streets and Properties -- 2.3 Minimize Cul-de-Sacs and Dead-Ends -- 2.4 Local Auto, Pedestrian,and Bike Travel -- 3. Access Points -- Recommendations -- 3.1 Maximize the Number of Access Points -- 3.2 Maximize Distribution of Access Points -- 3.3 Provide Stub-Outs for Future Development and Retro-Fits -- 3.4 Avoid Gated Communities -- 4. Edges -- Recommendations -- 4.1 Decrease Wall Height and Increase Wall Transparency -- 4.2 Create Visual Appeal and Continuity Between Developments -- 4.3 Create Developments that Engage Neighboring Streets -- 4.4 Create Smooth Transitions Between Developments -- 5. Parking -- Recommendations -- 5.1 Use Alternatives to Parking Lots and Lanes -- 5.2 Integrate Pedestrian Infrastructure Into Parking Areas -- 5.3 Create More Beautiful Parking -- 5.4 Reduce Parking Ratios and Provide Incentives for Active Transportation -- 6. Street Design -- 6.1 Complete Street Design -- 7. Building Massing & -- Orientation -- Recommendations -- 7.1 Articulate and Break Up Long Building Lengths -- 7.2 All Buildings Face a Street -- 7.3 Activate the Street and Public Spaces -- 7.4 Foster Interaction Through Building Groupings -- 8. Open Space & -- Landscape Design -- Recommendations.

In this commentary, we describe initial learnings from a community-based research project that explored how the relational space between residents and formal institutions in six marginalised communities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada impacted grassroots responses to the health and psycho-social stresses that were created and amplified by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our research found that grassroots community leaders stepped up to fill the gaps left by Toronto's formal public health and emergency management systems and were essential for mitigating the psycho-social and socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic that exacerbated pre-existing inequities and systemic failures. We suggest that building community resilience in marginalised communities in Toronto can embody health promotion in action where community members, organisational, institutional and government players create the social infrastructure necessary to build on local assets and work together to promote health by strengthening community action, advocating for healthy public policy and creating supportive environments.

Investigates the political, social, & technical conditions of community in information societies, paying particular attention to how the Internet has refashioned & extended traditional forms of association. It is suggested that the Internet specifically refashions & extends forms of community associated with broadcasting, in that both are centrally connected to processes of globalization & abstraction, & both are capable of developing autonomous virtual symbolic worlds. Moreover, both media are based on the common operation of individuating masses into atomized units. Thus, the Internet is not taken to signal a new decentered community. Instead, it merely represents a new mode of presencing that extends the comprehensive & monopolistic impulse already apparent in broadcasting. Rather than a replacement of broadcasting, therefore, the Interent's interactivity refashions processes of globalization & integration already under way. It is concluded that scholars would do well to recognize the continuites between past & present virtual worlds if they are to avoid undue celebration of cyberspace as a wholly new form of virtual community. 21 References. D. Ryfe

The concept of community is often used in environmental policy to foster environmental stewardship and public participation, crucial prerequisites of effective management. However, prevailing conceptualizations of community based on residential location or resource use are limited with respect to their utility as surrogates for communities of shared environment-related interests, and because of the localist perspective they entail. Thus, addressing contemporary sustainability challenges, which tend to involve transnational social and environmental interactions, urgently requires additional approaches to conceptualizing community that are compatible with current globalization. We propose a framing for redefining community based on place attachment (i.e., the bonds people form with places) in the context of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, a World Heritage Area threatened by drivers requiring management and political action at scales beyond the local. Using data on place attachment from 5,403 respondents residing locally, nationally, and internationally, we identified four communities that each shared a type of attachment to the reef and that spanned conventional location and use communities. We suggest that as human–environment interactions change with increasing mobility (both corporeal and that mediated by communication and information technology), new types of people–place relations that transcend geographic and social boundaries and do not require ongoing direct experience to form are emerging. We propose that adopting a place attachment framing to community provides a means to capture the neglected nonmaterial bonds people form with the environment, and could be leveraged to foster transnational environmental stewardship, critical to advancing global sustainability in our increasingly connected world.

What motivates young technology-literate consumers in densely population areas? / Narasimha Vajjhala, American University of Nigeria, Nigeria, Kenneth Strang, Walden University, United States -- The new horizon of PR : community management, zeynep genel, okan university, Turkey -- Understanding generational impact in online business scenario : around virtual communities and social collaborations / Karthikeyan Shanmugam, SASTRA Deemed University, India, Vijayabanu C, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India -- The new horizon of public relations : community management / Zeynep Genel, Okan University, Turkey -- Quality strategies for customer loyalty in an e-service environment : a case of m-banking customers / Savdeep Vasudeva, DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, India -- Tools and techniques used for customer relationship management- review & case studies : tools & techniques for crm / Geeta Sachdeva, NIT Kurukshetra, India -- A qualitatative insight into the persoal facors online impulse behavior / Harish Kumar, BML Munjal University, India, Ruchi Garg, BML Munjal University, India, Ritu chhikara, BML Munajl University, India, Payal kumar, BML Munajal University, India -- Quality dimension offline versus online : the relationship between shopping mall attractiveness quality dimensions and customer loyalty / Cecilia Silvestri, University of Tuscia ¿Viterbo, Italy, Eleonora Rapiti, Department of Economics and Management, University of "Tuscia", Italy, Michela Piccarozzi, Department of Enterprise and Engineering, Society and Management (DEIM) University of Tuscia, Italy -- Consumer perception of buying organic foods online : a case study in malaysia / Ernest Lim, Taylor's University, Malaysia -- Customer engagement : from social shopping to social learners/collaborators / Robin Cheng, Taylor's University, Malaysia -- Customer relationship management (crm) in digital environment / Selay Ilgaz Sümer, Baskent University, Turkey -- Ethical issues in the use of social media / Ali Shafiq, Taylor's University, Malaysia, Anbareen Jan, Taylor's University, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: The importance of community involvement in the response against disease outbreaks has been well established. However, we lack insights into local communities' experiences in coping with the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored both the impact of, and response to, COVID-19 within the Orthodox Jewish communities of Antwerp (Belgium) during the first lockdown period (March 2020 – May 2020). METHODS: We conducted an explorative qualitative study using a participatory approach. First, we performed a community mapping to identify relevant stakeholders. Through the active involvement of a community advisory board and based on qualitative interviews with key-informants and community members, we elicited lived experiences, attitudes, and perceptions towards COVID-19. Interviews were conducted both face-to-face and using online web conferencing technology. Data were analyzed inductively according to the principles of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Government-issued outbreak control measures presented context-specific challenges to the Orthodox Jewish communities in Antwerp. They related mainly to the remote organization of religious life, and practicing physical distancing in socially and culturally strongly connected communities. Existing community resources were rapidly mobilized to adapt to the outbreak and to self-organize response initiatives within communities. The active involvement of community and religious leaders in risk communication proved to be of great importance to facilitate the coverage and uptake of pandemic control measures while protecting essential community values and traditions. Creating bottom-up and community-adapted communication strategies, including addressing language barriers and involving Rabbis in the dissemination of prevention messages, fostered a feeling of trust in government's response measures. However, unmet information and prevention needs were also identified, such as the need for inclusive communication by public authorities and the need to mitigate the ...

This report is a synthesis of ongoing research, design, and implementation of an approach to education called "connected learning." It advocates for broadened access to learning that is socially embedded, interest-driven, and oriented toward educational, economic, or political opportunity. Connected learning is realized when a young person is able to pursue a personal interest or passion with the support of friends and caring adults, and is in turn able to link this learning and interest to academic achievement, career success or civic engagement.This model is based on evidence that the most resilient, adaptive, and effective learning involves individual interest as well as social support to overcome adversity and provide recognition.This report investigates how we can use new media to foster the growth and sustenance of environments that support connected learning in a broad-based and equitable way. This report also offers a design and reform agenda, grounded in a rich understanding of child development and learning, to promote and test connected learning theories.We begin with an analysis of current economic, social, and technical trends that frame the educational challenges faced by many countries, especially in the Global North -- including the contraction of economic opportunity, growing inequity in access to educational and economic opportunity, and the risks and opportunities of media engagement.Connected learning addresses the gap between in-school and out-of-school learning, intergenerational disconnects, and new equity gaps arising from the privatization of learning. In doing so, connected learning taps the opportunities provided by digital media to more easily link home, school, community and peer contexts of learning; support peer and intergenerational connections based on shared interests; and create more connections with non-dominant youth, drawing from capacities of diverse communities. We also offer an approach to learning, design and program building that can expand the opportunities afforded by a changing media environment while minimizing the risks. Our approach draws on sociocultural learning theory in valuing learning that is embedded within meaningful practices and supportive relationships, and that recognizes diverse pathways and forms of knowledge and expertise. Our design model builds on this approach by focusing on supports and mechanisms for building environments that connect learning across the spheres of interests, peer culture, and academic life. We propose a set of design features that help build shared purpose, opportunities for production, and openly networked resources and infrastructure.

"A book that's equal parts inspiring and interactive, and packed with prompts, charts, quizzes, and full-color illustrations, Belong takes readers on a two-part journey. Part one is Going IN--a gentle but intentional process of self-discovery and finding out your true energy levels and VIA (values, interests, and abilities). Part two is Going OUT--building on all that you've learned about yourself to find those few special people who feed your soul, and discovering, or creating, the ever-widening groups that align with your aims and desires. As the Co-founder and CEO of the popular global morning dance community Daybreaker, Radha Agrawal developed an immense offline community with her team of Community Catalysts in 25 cities and on a dozen college campuses around the world by creating a physical space for people to connect, self-express, sweat, and dance. Now, Radha offers the life-changing strategies, tips, and tricks for making friends that will light your fire and give you the exhale of "Ahh, I'm home." "Radha has written a book that's fun to read, easy to digest, and embodies deep wisdom. This isn't just a book I'm endorsing. This is a book that I want to buy multiple copies of because I have so many friends and acquaintances that will benefit from it. It's the first book I couldn't wait to finish reading it so I could give my copy to one of my friends to read the same day." --Tony Hsieh, CEO of Zappos and author of Delivering Happiness"--

This book is the result of research conducted during the Principals as Literacy Leaders (PALL) Pilot Project. PALL was funded by the Australian Government under the Literacy and Numeracy Pilots in Low SES Communities program. Some 60 Government, Catholic, and Independent school principals, 15 each in South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory took part. They did so in a project hosted by the South Australian Department of Education and Children's Services; managed by the Australian Primary Principals Association (APPA); supported by the relevant State and Territory education systems; and designed and delivered collaboratively by three universities – Griffith University, Edith Cowan University and the Australian Catholic University. The ultimate purpose of the project was to undertake interventions which would enhance the literacy learning and achievement of children in schools, where doing so had proved difficult for many in the past.

This study explored social media (SM) usage amongst young adults. Participants (N = 750) completed an online survey about their usage of/relationship with SM and the sacrifices they would make to remain on SM. Almost half of participants reported checking SM 9+ times/day and more than three-quarters spent 1+ hour/day on SM. SM addiction scores averaged 17.5/30 (SD = 5.08). Regression analyses revealed that number of SM checks/day (p < 0.05), time/day spent on SM (p < 0.01), and SM addiction (p < 0.001) all predicted increases in the number of trade-offs participants were willing to make, F(6,733) = 21.941, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.390. These results act to both confirm existing literature, while also highlighting the specific compromises young adults would make to maintain their SM access. Future health efforts should aim to promote awareness of these psychological and social issues.

This article provides a brief synopsis of the relationship between the religious communities in Albania and the foreign Christian religious communities around the world. This study aims to provide an answer to a major question which is widely discussed below. Taking into consideration that the countries of the East Block connected with the politics of the Soviet Union, which tended to come closer together and share experiences between each other, we think it's appropriate to discuss another problem in this field. In the achieved documents we find many materials which are connected with the religious internal organization and their relationship with the state, taking into consideration the different countries in the Eastern Europe.

There is a growing recognition of the importance of networking for the vitality and cohesion of community life. Now in its third edition, and substantially updated, this textbook combines practical experience and theory for people working with and for communities.