Suchergebnisse

This article explores how the exploitation of key natural resources, diamonds in particular, has contributed to prolonging the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It affirms that the motivation and feasibility of resource exploitation largely explain why external military contingents have remained active in the country since August 1998. Driving forces of war can be identified among elites of Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe, for whom DRC resources have proven decisive to sustain positions of power. Although most exploitation has been carried out at gunpoint, the use of existing networks suggests that withdrawal of forces will not necessarily stop the massive resource diversion. While a lasting resolution to the crisis needs to ensure due benefits to the local population from their resources, it also requires that stakeholders see peace as a more attractive option than continued war.

Since Ontario introduced auto-insurance legislation that guaranteed extensive physiotherapy treatment for people who have been in car accidents, the cost of outpatient claims to insurance companies has skyrocketed. However, there has not been a measurable improvement in patient outcomes. At the same time, the average in-hospital stay for patients receiving hip and joint replacements has decreased greatly. Dr. Murray Waldman thinks these divergent trends in rehabilitation can be attributed to physician self-interest.

AbstractThe rash of conflict of interest incidents involving cabinet ministers in Canada in 1986, 1987 and early 1988 can in part be explained by the fact that no clear connection exists in most of the conflict of interest rules between the substance of the rules and basic constitutional principles. Unless ministers understand the reasons for the increasingly complex rules, a high degree of compliance with them is unrealistic. The article explores the connection between the rule of law, social equality, the principle of ministerial impartiality and conflict of interest legislation and guidelines. The conflict of interest rules have usually been drafted hastily in reaction to scandals, with little thought given to their constitutional basis. Thirty-five recent conflict of interest incidents are classified and analyzed. Many might have been avoided if the constitutional reasons for the rules had been better understood. Nevertheless, with regard to the overlap between conflicts of interest and political patronage, the Canadian political system has not developed a clear set of expectations for ministerial behaviour in all circumstances.

THE RASH OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST INCIDENTS INVOLVING CABINET MINISTERS IN CANADA IN 1986, 1987 AND EARLY 1988 CAN IN PART BE EXPLAINED BY THE FACT THAT NO CLEAR CONNECTION EXISTS IN MOST OF THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST RULES BETWEEN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE RULES AND BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES. UNLESS MINISTERS UNDERSTAND THE REASONS FOR THE INCREASINGLY COMPLEX RULES, A HIGH DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH THEM IS UNREALISTIC. THE ARTICLE EXPLORES THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE RULE OF LAW, SOCIAL EQUALITY, THE PRINCIPLE OF MINISTERIAL IMPARTIALITY AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES. THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST RULES HAVE USUALLY BEEN DRAFTED HASTILY IN REACTION TO SCANDALS, WITH LITTLE THOUGHT GIVEN TO THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS. THIRTY-FIVE RECENT CONFLICT OF INTEREST INCIDENTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND ANALYZED. MANY MIGHT HAVE BEEN AVOIDED IF THE CONSTITUTIONAL REASONS FOR THE RULES HAD BEEN BETTER UNDERSTOOD. NEVERTHELESS, WITH REGARD TO THE OVERLAP BETWEEN CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND POLITICAL PATRONAGE, THE CANADIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM HAS NOT DEVELOPED A CLEAR SET OF EXPECTATIONS FOR MINISTERIAL BEHAVIOUR IN ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.

OBJECTIVE: To identify all known ties between the medical product industry and the healthcare ecosystem. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: From initial literature searches and expert input, a map was created to show the network of medical product industry ties across parties and activities in the healthcare ecosystem. Through a scoping review, the ties were then verified, cataloged, and characterized, with data abstracted on types of industry ties (financial, non-financial), applicable policies for conflict of interests, and publicly available data sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence and types of medical product industry ties to activities and parties, presence of policies for conflict of interests, and publicly available data. RESULTS: A map derived through synthesis of 538 articles from 37 countries shows an extensive network of medical product industry ties to activities and parties in the healthcare ecosystem. Key activities include research, healthcare education, guideline development, formulary selection, and clinical care. Parties include non-profit entities, the healthcare profession, the market supply chain, and government. The medical product industry has direct ties to all parties and some activities through multiple pathways; direct ties extend through interrelationships among parties and activities. The most frequently identified parties were within the healthcare profession, with individual professionals described in 422 (78%) of the included studies. More than half (303, 56%) of the publications documented medical product industry ties to research, with clinical care (156, 29%), health professional education (145, 27%), guideline development (33, 6%), and formulary selection (8, 1%) appearing less often. Policies for conflict of interests exist for some financial and a few non-financial ties; publicly available data sources seldom describe or quantify these ties. CONCLUSIONS: An extensive network of medical product industry ties to activities and parties exists in the healthcare ecosystem. ...

This paper is a normative analysis of the legal restrictions on international financial movements based on a formal model which analyzes the empirical observation that the degree of financial protectionism is associated with changes in the distribution of welfare among agents. The strategic interactions among four types of agents (a trade union, a firm manager, a financial investor and a government) are analyzed, and the optimal amount of capital control is derived as a Nash perfect equilibrium of a non‐cooperative game with imperfect information. I conclude that a financial liberalization proposal can be supported by different coalitions of agents, according to the covariance of domestic and foreign returns and the degree of profitability of domestic industrial projects.

At the time of going to press (November 1970) the Journal has proved successful in attracting articles but much less so in getting notes. I am sorry about this because one of the most important functions which we hoped the Journal would serve was that of improving communications within the discipline, especially in Britain. It is for that reason that we should like to give a generous amount of space for notes. But unless an editor is gifted with ESP he can hardly know that someone has had an idea or hit upon some new information suitable for publication in a note.