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AbstractThis paper seeks to analyse tax performance across countries, utilizing what Musgrave (1969) referred to as the stochastic approach, where tax performance is analysed by comparisons with the average performance. The regression approach to tax performance assessment is used and a tax effort index is constructed. Among the variables that are identified to be important determinants of tax shares is a measure of tax evasion. The tax effort indices obtained show that generally the upper middle‐income and high‐income OECD groups are making better use of their tax bases to increase revenue. There are also economies of scale with respect to population density. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cyberattacks are computer-to-computer attacks undermining the confidentiality, integrity, and/or availability of computers and/or the information they hold. The importance of securing cyberspace is increasing, along with the sophistication and potential significance of the results of the attacks. Moreover, attacksb involve increasingly sophisticated coordination among multiple hackers across international boundaries, where the aim has shifted from fun and self-satisfaction to financial or military gain, with clear and self-reinforcing motivation; for example, the number of new malicious code threats worldwide increased more than 71% from 2008 to 2009.

"Submitted September, 1944." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In today's generation, most of today's Internet is using IPv4, Now twenty years old. IPv4 is now uploading with the Problem of meeting growing Internet requirements and it is a shortage of IPv4 addresses, which are necessary for all new the machines added to the Internet.IPv6, fixes a series of problems In IPv4 addresses. It also adds many improvements to IPv4 and provides a better network. IPv6 is expected to gradually replace IPv4, with the two coexisting for several years during a transition period. As the population is increasing day by day, similarly the Internet isAlso growing and expanding more and more and more and more,Government, scientists and universities are looking for new waysTo send information quickly and powerfully The two new InternetsDevelop new and faster technologies to improve research andCommunication, and both projects are expected toEventually improve the current commercial Internet. A big advantage of IPv6 is that it simplifies and solves the problem. The scarcity of IP addresses. In today's Internet technology, Controls in the United States 74% of the 4 million IP addresses, while the amount that China has is equal only to the University California, but its share of 80 million users. This is the main reason Asian countries, especially China, Japan and South Korea, Show interest in IPv6 version technology.

'Social Movements in Politics: A Comparative Study' by Cyrus Ernesto Zirakzadeh is reviewed.

A comparative study is made between the following methods : Newton-Raphson method, Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method and modified Gauss-Newton method. These were applied to the maximization of a likelihood function of very general use in astronomy. Our analysis shows that the most satisfactory method is the last quoted.

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems systematically deals with the question of the impact of institutions on political behaviour. It provides comparative data on the micro- and the macro-level to study electoral behaviour empirically across a broad range of institutional contexts. - ;Citizens living in presidential or parliamentary systems face different political choices as do voters casting votes in elections governed by rules of proportional representation or plurality. Political commentators seem to know how such rules influence political behaviour. They firmly believe, for example.