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Humans are getting more dependent on marine and coastal resources. This has led to increased fishery exploitation and in many cases overexploitation with habitat degradation. This threatens coastal and marine resources all over the world. The current management approaches have failed to control fishing capacity and conflict in sharing fisheries resources due to population growth, poverty and a lack of awareness raising. The management and governance of small-scale fisheries is ready for worldwide reform. In recent years, Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a popular tool for management and conservation of marine resources. Co-management is a recommendation as a solution of governance for marine protected areas. Co-management is a process that involves democratization and decentralization mechanisms through collaboration and power-sharing between resource users and government officials (Pomeroy and Rivera-Guieb, 2006) This paper highlights the co-management of an MPA in Trao Reef locally managed marine reserve, which was established in 2001 to protect and rehabilitate fisheries resources in general and the coral reef in particular. In addition, this paper demonstrates one way to approach co-management which include the transaction-costs, the method for measuring the transaction costs in fisheries co-management system. Transaction costs are defined as "the cost of transacting, which consists of the costs of measuring the valuable attributes of what is being exchanged and the costs of protecting rights and policing and enforcing agreements" (North 1990). The study is based on fisheries management, co-management, transaction-cost literature and secondary and primary data. The reduction of transaction-costs in the last stage of co-management regime is used to choose alternative institutional arrangements for managing a fishery for public policy decisions. This study is also the first paper to mention transaction-costs in fisheries co-management in Viet Nam.

Abstract
The process of industrialization and urbanization has been affecting the concept and practice of marital relations in general and of communities in the outskirts of industrial zones in particular. This impact process is clearly shown in the trend of late marriage, wide connection radius, variable selection standards for communication systems. The right to decide on marriage gradually shifts from parents to children, the model of residence and cohabitation after marriage is more independent, the trend of early household separation of newlywed couples. In addition, industrialization and urbanization also have the effect of making marital relationships looser, including the right to decide on marriage, the model of residence and living together after marriage. Research on the right to decide on marriage of the residential community on the outskirts of Le Mon industrial zone, Thanh Hoa city will focus on analyzing the right to decide on marriage, the time of marriage, and the impact of the issue on the right to decide on marriage of the suburban residential community, before and after the establishment of an industrial park in Le Mon industrial park, Thanh Hoa city.

Der Beitrag untersucht die Vorteilhaftigkeit der Investition in private Photovoltaik-Aufdachanlagen (PV-Anlagen). Die Förderung durch das Energieeinspeisegesetz (EEG) bei Einspeisung des selbsterzeugten Stroms in das öffentliche Stromnetz sowie die hohen Vergütungssätze für den Eigenverbrauch suggerieren die Vorteilhaftigkeit der Investition. Dies wird durch steuerliche Vorteile wie der Sonderabschreibung oder dem Vorsteuerabzug unterstützt. Zusätzlich zur Beurteilung der Vorteilhaftigkeit erfolgt eine qualitative Analyse der Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnungen von Anbietern von PV-Anlagen. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Investition in private PV-Anlagen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen lohnt bzw. die Vorteilhaftigkeit im Wesentlichen von der Preisentwicklung für die PVModule abhängt. Die Analyse der Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnungen zeigt, dass die Berechnungen erhebliche Mängel aufweisen und deshalb nicht geeignet erscheinen, als Basis einer ökonomischen Entscheidung zu dienen. ; This paper analyzes the profitability of investments in private photovoltaic modules (PV-Modules) in Germany. Investments in private PV-Modules have been promoted through governmental programs since the early 1990s. In addition to these programs there are several prefered tax treatments for such investments. Therefore these suggests that it might be suitable to carry out an investment in private PV-Modules. However, we show that profitability based on the net present value under consideration of taxation depends on various assumptions. Moreover we analyzed calculations of profitability of firms that sell PV-Modules. The calculations of profitability are provided to investors that want to decide whether to invest in PV-Modules or not to invest. The analysis shows that the provided calculations have considerable shortcomings and cannot be used as a basis for an economic decision.

Uncertainty about efficiency and sustainability of shrimp production due to diseases and climatic events may prevent Vietnam from attaining US $10 million target from shrimp exports by 2025. We surveyed 120 and 159 shrimp farmers from Khá ; nh Hò ; a and Trà ; Vinh provinces, respectively, to obtain information on their input use, production levels and the effects of diseases and climate change events on their farm profitability. Stochastic production frontier analysis (SFA) discovered that the number of workers, crops and seed costs positively influenced farmers&rsquo ; profits, while cost of chemicals and labour negatively affected the profit of Khá ; nh Hò ; a farmers. The number of workers and chemical costs positively affected profits in Trà ; Vinh, while cost of labour and energy, the number of crops and average stocking density negatively influenced farmer profit in Trà ; Vinh. Number of years of schooling, experience and average size of ponds positively influenced economic efficiency, while the number of ponds and climatic change events negatively influenced efficiency in Khá ; nh Hò ; a province. Age and alternative power source positively affected economic efficiency, while disease prevalence affected efficiency of Trà ; Vinh. All farms practicing intensive or extensive shrimp production achieved 90% efficiency. The government should encourage the wise use of resources, high-quality seeds and a sensitive balance between intensive and extensive culture to sustainably attain its national production and export goals.

Uncertainty about efficiency and sustainability of shrimp production due to diseases and climatic events may prevent Vietnam from attaining US $10 million target from shrimp exports by 2025. We surveyed 120 and 159 shrimp farmers from Khánh Hòa and Trà Vinh provinces, respectively, to obtain information on their input use, production levels and the effects of diseases and climate change events on their farm profitability. Stochastic production frontier analysis (SFA) discovered that the number of workers, crops and seed costs positively influenced farmers' profits, while cost of chemicals and labour negatively affected the profit of Khánh Hòa farmers. The number of workers and chemical costs positively affected profits in Trà Vinh, while cost of labour and energy, the number of crops and average stocking density negatively influenced farmer profit in Trà Vinh. Number of years of schooling, experience and average size of ponds positively influenced economic efficiency, while the number of ponds and climatic change events negatively influenced efficiency in Khánh Hòa province. Age and alternative power source positively affected economic efficiency, while disease prevalence affected efficiency of Trà Vinh. All farms practicing intensive or extensive shrimp production achieved 90% efficiency. The government should encourage the wise use of resources, high-quality seeds and a sensitive balance between intensive and extensive culture to sustainably attain its national production and export goals.

Today, the habit of using light, durable, and disposable plastics that are poorly managed is one of the main reasons for environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change in Vietnam. Besides, due to the lack of consumption, most plastic companies in Vietnam refuse to switch their production to biodegradable plastic bags. The study is conducted to promote the purchase behavior of biodegradable plastic bags, which can reduce the consumption of non-degradable plastic in Vietnam. A non-probability sampling method was applied, with a sample size of 828 consumers who lived in Southeast Vietnam. SmartPLS software was applied to examine the hypotheses. The results show that attitudes, coping appraisal, and threat positively influence the purchase behavior of biodegradable plastic bags. Green skepticism negatively moderates the relationship between attitudes, coping appraisal, threat appraisal, and purchase intention toward biodegradable plastic bags. This study also added psychological factors, such as green skepticism, to fill the perception-behavior gap from previous studies and extend the protection-motivation theory. Some managerial implications will be proposed for plastic companies in Vietnam to switch their production toward biodegradable plastic bags. Besides, consumers will also be given guidance and encouragement to use these products through integrated marketing communication strategies. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-04 Full Text: PDF

Turnover intention is an essential issue for every organization as retaining experienced and knowledgeable employees is an essential factor contributing to an organization's competitive advantage and sustainable growth. Governmental and non-profit organizations, in particular, need to develop measures for reducing the increasing rate of turnover among federal officials. This study examines the factors influencing intentions to leave among civil servants in the public administration sector. Therefore, an online survey was undertaken to collect data from the targeted respondents, who are employees and managers working in governmental organizations in Vietnam. By using the convenience sampling method, a total of 300 responses were obtained. Men made up 53.3% of the participants, while women made up the remainder. Nearly 60% of the participants work for governmental and political organizations, and the rest work for state unions. The collected data were then processed via AMOS software and analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling approach. The results indicate that job satisfaction strongly affects employees' turnover intentions, with a path coefficient of 0.352 and a p-value less than 0.001. In addition, perceived organizational support has a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment, evidenced by the path coefficient of 0.315 and p-value less than 0.001. Overall, the results suggest that organizations are more likely to retain qualified and committed employees when they attempt to develop appropriate training programs and an incentive reward system.

ObjectiveTo explore the processes and experiences associated with disclosing sexual orientation to siblings and extended family.BackgroundFew studies prioritize the experience of disclosing to siblings and extended family, despite its frequency and potential impact on the family unit. Extended family members often act as sources of support for youth; it is therefore worthwhile to consider whether this remains true during and after disclosure of sexual orientation.MethodInterview and questionnaire data were gathered from 22 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) youth, 14 to 21 years of age, from a large Midwestern U.S. city. Constructivist grounded theory informed the qualitative methodology and data analysis. We build on concepts of horizontal and vertical family relationships by also introducing the concept of diagonal relationships.ResultsParticipants described their relationships with aunts as possessing characteristics of horizontal and vertical relationships, allowing them to act as moderators and mediators of the parent–child relationship.ConclusionThe concepts of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal relationships take into consideration how the structure (e.g., hierarchy, egalitarianism, boundaries) and nature (e.g., closeness, reciprocity, mentorship) of various relationships shape the coming‐out process for LGBQ youth, without dismissing the importance of either immediate or extended family members.ImplicationsThe emerging conceptualization can guide services and interventions as well as illuminate further research on the family systems of LGBQ youth.

Chapter 1. Introduction: Beyond Borders, Labels, and Divides -- Chapter 2. Decolonizing the Classroom: Settler Colonialism, Knowledge Production, and Antiracism -- Chapter 3. Interfaith Dialogue: Managing Paradoxes -- Chapter 4. Harmony: Essence and Applications to Dialogue -- Chapter 5. Not Transition, But Translation: A Dialogic Approach to 'Differences' in a Korean Diasporic Evangelical Church -- Chapter 6. Los Seis de Boulder Sculpture Project: A Reflection on Dialogue and Community Building Through Art-Making -- Chapter 7. Writing Black Queers into Existence: A South African Model for Dialogue Among Oppressed Groups -- Chapter 8. Intergroup Dialogue for Social Healing: Creating Spaces of Collective Hope and Transformation -- Chapter 9. Experiential Ecological and Art-Based Practices for Reconnecting with Mother Earth and with Each Other -- Chapter 10. Dialogic Learning in the Time of a Global Pandemic and Beyond -- Chapter 11. Relationality as a Way of Being: A Pedagogy of Classroom Conversations -- Chapter 12. Dialogue and Systems Theory: Teaching Public Conversations in Family Therapy -- Chapter 13. Honoring Culture, Holding Complexity: Synthesis and Emerging Possibilities in Dialogue.

El tema de la justicia social es un tema fundamental de cada época y tiene un gran significado de actualidad porque se plantea junto a la existencia humana, asociada a los sueños y aspiraciones hacia una vida bonita y feliz. Después de todo, el objetivo del crecimiento económico es servir a las personas, el sujeto del desarrollo, de manera justa y progresiva. Porque "los humanos, al dominar en última instancia su existencia social, también están dominando la naturaleza, dominándose a sí mismos y convirtiéndose en hombres libres" (Marx & Engels, 1995, p. 333). Se confirma además en el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano de las Naciones Unidas (1995) cuando dice: "¿qué significa desarrollo sin tener en cuenta la vida humana?". Después de todo, el propósito del desarrollo económico es sólo un medio para servir al desarrollo humano. Son las personas las que crean las condiciones, aprovechan las oportunidades y las convierten en una fuerza impulsora para alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo, lo que a su vez promoverá el desarrollo socioeconómico. En el proceso de integración internacional, Vietnam ha implementado activamente políticas para lograr la justicia social y ha logrado ciertos resultados, contribuyendo a mejorar el nivel de vida de todas las personas. Hay ciertas limitaciones que deben abordarse para lograr la justicia social en toda la vida social. El artículo analiza los puntos de vista y las prácticas de implementación de la justicia social en Vietnam, proponiendo así soluciones para implementar efectivamente la justicia social en Vietnam hoy.