Suchergebnisse

This paper surveys the nexus between development and armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa from 1980 to 2005. It focuses on war trends, impact of war on development, socio-economic structures as war risks, and policy responses. Several findings emerge that challenge widely held state-centric assumptions that underpin contemporary analyses, data collection and policy priorities. These wars defy conventional analytical frameworks as they commingle state and non-state actors and political with economic and private motives. As the findings illustrate, the state is not a sufficient unit of analysis: more research, data collection and policy attention should be directed to non-state actors and wars and sub-national and cross-border impacts. War is development in reverse, yet in many of these wars, the national economy continued to grow and social indicators improved. The destructive impacts were localised, implying that development gaps and horizontal inequalities worsened. Other risk factors besides these inequalites -- the youth bulge and unemployment, environmental pressure and natural resource dependence -- have played a causal or perpetuating role in the wars surveyed. Economic, social and governance reform policies can play a role in conflict prevention by addressing these risk factors, yet national and international policy priorities do not systematically address these risks.

El presente trabajo de investigación es una aproximación metodológica al estudio de conflictos ambientales. Desde los aportes de la geografía crítica y la ecología política se estudian los mismos analizando la interrelación entre actores con distintos intereses y grados de poder, así como también con concepciones divergentes sobre el valor de la naturaleza. A partir de la metodología propuesta se aborda el conflicto en torno al monocultivo forestal en la provincia de Misiones, mediante el análisis de documentos oficiales de organismos como MINAGRI, Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Foresto-Industrial, la normativa nacional vigente, documentos de movimientos socioterritoriales, entre otras fuentes. Los resultados del trabajo son un aporte al estudio de la relación entre los procesos de transnacionalización, las dinámicas globales y la intensificación de conflictos ambientales en la Argentina reciente. ; The aim of this article is a methodological approach to the study of environmental conflicts. From critical geography and political ecology, they are studied by analyzing the interrelation between actors with different interests and degrees of power, as well as divergent conceptions about the value of nature. Based on the proposed methodology, the conflict about forest monoculture in the province of Misiones is analyzed. It is based on the analysis of official documents of organizations such as MINAGRI, Sub-Secretary of Industrial Forestry Development; current national regulations; documents of socioterritorial movements, among other sources. The results of the article are a contribution to the study of the relationship between transnationalization process, global dynamics and the intensification of environmental conflicts in current Argentina. ; 12-27 ; anafernt@yahoo.com.ar ; alvaroa22@yahoo.com.ar ; micaelazabalza@gmail.com ; dafnealomar@gmail.com ; Semestral ; http://www.saber.ula.ve/regeoven/

The extinction of Pleistocene megafauna and the role played by humans have been subjects of constant debate in American archeology. Previous evidence from the Pampas region of Argentina suggested that this environment might have provided a refugium for the Holocene survival of several megamammals. However, recent excavations and more advanced accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating at Campo Laborde site in the Argentinian Pampas challenge the Holocene survival of Pleistocene megamammals and provide original and high-quality information documenting direct human impact on the Pleistocene fauna. The new data offer definitive evidence for hunting and butchering of Megatherium americanum (giant ground sloth) at 12,600 cal years BP and dispute previous interpretations that Pleistocene megamammals survived into the Holocene in the Pampas. ; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Messineo, Pablo Geronimo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Stafford, Thomas W. Stafford Research LLC.; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Lindsey, Emily L. La Brea Tar Pits and Museum; Estados Unidos

Fil: Menéndez, Lumila Paula. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Bonomo, Mariano. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Messineo, Pablo Gerónimo. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: González, Mariela E. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Pérez, Sergio Iván. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina

Fil: Menéndez, Lumila Paula. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Bonomo, Mariano. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Messineo, Pablo Gerónimo. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: González, Mariela E. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Pérez, Sergio Iván. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina

Fil: Menéndez, Lumila Paula. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Bonomo, Mariano. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Messineo, Pablo Gerónimo. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: González, Mariela E. INCUAPA. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Olavarría; Argentina ; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Pérez, Sergio Iván. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina

This paper aims at presenting the evolution of process safety in Spain from various points of view. In first place, a study of the accidents occurred in this country in the process industry and in the transportation of chemical substances is presented. After this, the starting point of the process safety research in Spain and its evolution during the years are explained. The importance of this topic has also been reflected in the chemical engineering studies in some Spanish universities. Therefore, the current status of the studies on process safety in Spain is analyzed in this paper. A section has also been devoted to the process safety in the Spanish industry. An analysis of the related legislation and its implementation in the Spanish process industry is also presented in this paper. Finally, the professional career of Prof. Joaquim Casal, the pioneer in Spain in process safety and risk assessment, is summarized. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Introduction: Since 2008, Italian legislators, with the aim of ensuring public safety, have made it mandatory for an occupational doctor (OD) to assess specific categories of workers to exclude those who may have consumed drugs of abuse. Due to the relevance of work activities relating to the civil aviation and airport sector, a policy based on the use of training and information tools, as well as a health surveillance protocol, has been undertaken since 2009. Materials and methods: A total of 61,008 workers at a commercial airline underwent health surveillance between 2009 and 2019. Following ≤24 h notification, their urine was screened for opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) using an immunochemical test. Positive results were confirmed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) or Liquid Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). In confirmed cases, the workers were declared unfit and sent to a specialized laboratory for a second level analysis. Results: Positive results, initially >1%, have halved in the last four years (<0.5%). The percentage of positive results was consistently very low among pilots and, moreover, the rare positive cases detected were due to a cross-reactivity phenomena. The highest and most discontinuous percentages seen occurred in the population undergoing a pre-employment examination. Regarding the types of substance used, a prevalence of cannabis (58.52%) and cocaine (35.2%) use was observed. Conclusions: The data presented indicate that the air transport sector, in all its components (ground workers and air crews), has a very limited number of substance abusers, and this number tends to decrease over time and with work seniority. Another aspect of particular interest, and which is more specific to toxicology, concerns the detection of cross-reactivity in urinary immunochemical screening between the antibodies to drugs of abuse and certain other drugs, such as anti-inflammatories or antibiotics; as well as foods, and other commonly used substances.

On behalf of the CMS Collaboration: et al. ; Test beam results obtained with 3D pixel sensors bump-bonded to the RD53A prototype readout ASIC are reported. Sensors from FBK Italy and IMB-CNM (Spain) have been tested before and after proton-irradiation to an equivalent fluence of about 1 × 10 ≠cm (1MeV equivalent neutrons). This is the first time that one single collecting electrode fine pitch 3D sensors are irradiated up to such fluence bump-bonded to a fine pitch ASIC. The preliminary analysis of the collected data shows no degradation on the hit detection efficiencies of the tested sensors after high energy proton irradiation, demonstrating the excellent radiation tolerance of the 3D pixel sensors. Thus, they will be excellent candidates for the extreme radiation environment at the innermost layers of the HL-LHC experiments. ; This project has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grants FPA2015-71292-C2-2-P, FPA2017-85155-C4-1-R and FPA2017-85155-C4-2-R; and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 654168 (AIDA-2020).

There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ~9000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ~2000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also reveal cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina, and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin.