The general objectives of the mission were the following: - For the experts, to test the pedagogical materials prepared to help the members of the Cambodian FO TF to complete their skill on FOs and FOs support as well as being in position to train other Cambodian practitioners supporting FOs. - For the participants, to develop their knowledge and skill on FOs and their pedagogical skill - To consider the future of the FO TF and initiate the elaboration of an action plan. To achieve the objectives, the following activities have been implemented: 1 - Development of training workshops targeted on practitioners supporting FOs ; this step consisted in 3 parts: - in Phnom Penh (4 days), the activity was dedicated to the preparation of pilot training provincial training workshops, on the basis of the pedagogical materials prepared and presented by the experts; - in 2 provinces (Kompong Cham, Battambang): 2 day pilot training workshop were carried out by the members of the task force (see Appendix 1) in presence of the experts, and with the trainees identified at the end of the November workshop; - debriefing about these workshops; 2 - A debriefing and conclusion time about the whole process with the participants, with first discussions about a possible future action plan for the FO TF, 3 - Debriefing with project coordinators to design the follow up activities.
The workshop has the following specific objectives: - To initiate a group dynamic among the participants in order to build a FO-TaskForce endowed with common references; - To precise expectations of the participants towards the FO-TF; - To develop with the participants a collective assessment of the situation of FOs and FOs support in Cambodia; - To identify transversal and specific issues for FOs strengthening in Cambodia. After the presentation of the support process from CIRAD-CIEPAC team, the first phase put the emphasis on the elicitation of the participants' expectations towards the workshop and the support from Cirad-Ciepac team. The second phase aimed at building a common analysis of the FOs' situation: - Firstly by using first Focus Group discussion method, and the SWOT method -which participants are confident with, to get the participants' feelings and perception of the situation. -Then, by presenting the inventory preliminary results to provide new "objective" information on the situation in Cambodia. -and last, by providing a synthesis by the experts of the situation of FOs and FOs support in Cambodia. To follow the expectation of the participant, an input to deal with the definition of FOs, and to give some insight of the diversity of rural organisations was also provided. The third phase tended to elaborate with the participants a typology of Cambodian FOs, based on their activities. After introduction about the typology concept, the diversity of the functions played by Cambodian FOs have been discussed within working groups (see here after). A typology has been designed from the results of the working groups. Last, transversal and specific issues for development of FOs in Cambodia have been identified.
The general objectives of the mission were the following: - For the experts, to get a clear view of the FOs' situation in Cambodia in order to propose relevant pedagogical tools during the following steps; - To contribute to build a shared basis of analysis among stakeholders involved in support to FOs in Cambodia. To achieve these goals, the following activities have been implemented: - Meeting and interviews with a few selected Cambodian FOs and FOs support agencies; - Support to the data analysis process of the Cambodian FOs Inventory, undertaken by the coordination team composed by Julie Couturier, Ham Phalla, and Savun Sam 01; - Facilitation of the first workshop of the support process by Cirad-Ciepac team to the FO-TF; - Preparation of the following step of Cirad-Ciepac support process. Content of the mission: The mission consisted of 3 main parts: 1 - Meetings with different stakeholders of the Farmers'organizations framework in Cambodia (support agencies in Phnom Penh (DAES and CEDAC) and in the two provinces; - leaders and members of some different typical Cambodian Farmers Organisations such as Cooperative, Rice Bank, Community Based Organizations, Farmers' Association, credit and saving groups, self help groups). This "ground time" enabled experts to get some common references with the participants to the workshop ("to figure out what the words are saying"). 2 - Work with the Coordination Team: (To support them in finalizing the presentation of the results of the Cambodian FOs inventory; To review and finalize the program of the first training workshop). 3 - Training Workshop in Phnom Penh on "Collective assessment of FO's situation and Support to FO's in Cambodia.
The mission takes place within the agenda of the FSP "Appui aux politiques sectorielles agricoles" (Component 2: Farmers' Organizations). It consisted in the second step of the support to the Cambodian FOs' Task Force. It focussed on the widening of the scope of knowledge on FOs' situation and evolution through the implementation of a second training workshop dedicated to the presentation of selected worldwide case studies. The general objectives of the mission were the following: - For the experts, to test the presentation of the selected case studies specifically prepared to strengthen the capacities of the members of the Cambodian FO TF regarding their contents and their forms in the perspective of the building of an "FO Training Tool Kit"; - For the FO TF, to enlarge their references on FOs possible role in the agricultural development through the presentation of worldwide case studies. To achieve these goals, the following activities have been implemented: - A Workshop entitled "Lessons learned from worldwide experiences"; - Debriefings with project coordinators to design the follow up activities (the workshops scheduled in January 2006 and beyond). The mission then focussed on the implementation of the 4 days training workshop "Lessons learned from worldwide experiences".
To address the challenges of climate change in agriculture, the concept of climate smart agriculture (CSA) has been proposed to synergistically achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as food security goals, through the scaling of CSA practices. To achieve such adoption in territories, setting an enabling institutional context is necessary. In Latin American region, there is a multiplicity of policies and interventions from public and private actors that already seek to support producers in facing climate and production challenges in agriculture. The multiplicity of actors and their interventions generates a complex system that defines the characteristics of the local institutional environment to face the challenges of agriculture in the face of climate change. Although each actor follows its own objectives, they interact and relate to each other, forming a de facto institutional network. We consider that the characteristics of this institutional network (its density, its spatial coverage) are a key element to investigate the coherence, consistency and relevance of the system of attention to rural territories to face climate challenges. Hence, understanding the dynamics and actions of the institutions network in the territories may facilitate decision making to prioritize actions and strengthen their impacts. While studies regarding enabling factors or policies for CSA, as well as vulnerability and adaptive capacity of territories mapping, there has been so far few analyses that allow a holistic evaluation of the interventions of an institutional network in territories. This paper aims to fill this gap through a study implemented in the Honduran dry corridor. The Honduran dry corridor has high levels of climate vulnerability, social fragility and low economic development. This situation has stimulated the action of multiple institutions to mitigate and find solutions, each with its own capacities and expertise, forming a multi-relational network (issues of interventions such as agriculture, food security, and climate change) and scalar (space). However, despite this remarkable presence of actors in the dry corridor, social and environmental indicators show stagnation in time and space. Thus, the Honduran dry corridor is a very relevant space to assess the actors' intervention networks. This communication covers the following objectives: 1) to describe the system of institutional actors (public administration, NGO, international cooperation) in the Honduran dry corridor territory, regarding climate change, agriculture and food security related interventions, 2) to analyze the institutional deployment in the municipalities of the Honduran dry corridor by exploring and analyzing the structure of the multi-relational network, 3) to analyze the relevance of interventions network at territorial level, considering the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change capacity of the municipalities. The methodological path included through interviews and surveys to the main institutions involved in intervention in the Honduran dry corridor (n=55) as well as a review of secondary sources, such as websites, public policy documents and plans, projects of private institutions in open consultation sites. This information was used to develop three types of analysis: a) an actors' and intervention mapping, and an analysis of the institutional network at both global (structure, diameter, density) and local level (nodal positions, centrality, navigability, etc) , b) a bipartite network analysis evidencing institutions and municipalities linkages to capture spatial coverage of interventions, c) a cross analysis between interventions at municipal level and potential future vulnerability levels at the same scale, to inquire the relevance of the current coverage of the institutional network. The actors' and intervention mapping identified 167 organizations with interactions in the region, including international, private and public organizations. The presence of foreign organizations stands out, as 30 international cooperation organizations, such as development banks, scientific and cooperation organizations, among others conducted intervention in the region. In contrast, the educational organizations and their intervention appears as very low levels in the region (only 4 actors from private institutions and 2 from public institutions were registered). Regarding the interventions in the dry corridor territory, the results show that climate change, food security and agriculture oriented actions account for 40% of the total number of interventions detected for more than 150 municipalities in the dry corridor; the rest of the actions respond to financial issues, legal advice, poverty reduction, governance and infrastructure, among others. The key actions are not distributed homogeneously in the territories of the Honduran dry corridor; rather, 8 municipalities concentrate about 43% of such intervention. It is worth mentioning that the actors that have greater centrality in the institutional network, express patterns of horizontal cooperation relations (positive assortativity). The bipartite network, which capture the connection between institutions and municipalities, identified 3 patterns that reflect different situations in terms of institutional attention. In the core of the bipartite network there is a high density of relationships between institutional actors and municipality, which corresponds to municipalities where many actors intervene in a non-exclusive manner. In the periphery of the bipartite network, there are two areas in the form of ego-network and/or fat tails. One corresponds to situations where many institutions connect exclusively to a single municipality, and the other corresponding to municipalities that are supported by one actors. In addition, the findings reveal that geographically there is a pattern of less intervention in municipalities farther away from economic centers and poles. Regarding the spatial coincidence between the interventions of the institutional network and the vulnerability of the municipalities, the results reveal spatial mismatch, as only 9% of the actions of the institutional network correspond are undertaken in highly vulnerable municipalities. Our results suggest that there is still improvement for collaborative actions in the institutional network as well as for spatial prioritization of interventions toward vulnerable municipalities. A dialogue at the territorial level, involving the greatest number and diversity of actors is suggested in order to develop a regional agenda to establish a more coherent and efficient institutional network in the region. Such agenda will then increase the relevance and efficiency of institutional attention to the municipalities of the dry corridor, and thus an institutional environment for a scaling up of CSA in the region.
Cet article analyse l'émergence puis la mise en oeuvre de la loi d'appui à l'agriculture biologique au Costa Rica à partir d'une revue des travaux antérieurs et des textes de loi ainsi que d'entretiens conduits au niveau national. Le processus d'élaboration de la loi est marqué par la capacité des mouvements sociaux de l'agroécologie, alliés à des agents du ministère de l'Agriculture, à influencer son contenu et à aboutir à sa promulgation en 2007. La mise en oeuvre de la loi a été freinée par un système dominé par l'agriculture conventionnelle, par des divisions internes aux mouvements sociaux et des actions non coordonnées avec le ministère de l'Agriculture, liées à des visions divergentes de l'agriculture biologique et de l'agroécologie. La création récente d'un département dédié à l'agriculture biologique au sein du ministère de l'Agriculture laisse espérer un dépassement des blocages identifiés.
En frente de los desafíos climáticos, las acciones locales son necesarias. Ya los países se han comprometido vía sus Contribuciones Previstas y Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (iNDC) y políticas nacionales, pero poner en acción estas políticas necesita de la construcción de planes locales a diferente nivel como el municipal, que sean ajustados a las condiciones y realidades específicas del sitio. Este documento ofrece 9 pasos metodológicos con la finalidad de orientar el análisis de la vulnerabilidad climática para proceder con la definición y priorización de medidas de adaptación que serán insumo de los Planes Municipales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, liderado por las autoridades municipales en coordinación con actores relevantes locales de múltiples sectores. Acción que se establece a nivel de la gestión política para el desarrollo municipal en articulación con convenios internacionales, leyes y políticas nacionales. Para el análisis se parte de la identificación de amenazas climáticas, priorización de sectores sensibles, pasando por la clasificación de amenazas, hasta la identificación y priorización de medidas de adaptación. ; In the face of climate challenges, local actions are necessary. The countries have already committed themselves through their National Planned and Determined Contributions (iNDC) and national policies, but to put these policies into action requires the construction of local plans at different levels such as the municipal one, that is adjusted to the conditions and realities specific to the territory. This document offers nine methodological steps in order to guide the analysis of climate vulnerability to proceed with the definition and prioritization of adaptation measures that will be an input of the Municipal Plans for Adaptation to Climate Change, led by municipal authorities in coordination with key actors from multiple sectors. These actions are established at a political management level for municipal development in coordination with international conventions, laws and national policies. This analysis is based on the identification of climatic threats, prioritization of sensitive sectors, through the classification of threats, until the identification and prioritization of adaptation measures.
Partindo de pesquisas realizadas anteriormente pela Rede Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Rural na América Latina e Caribe (Rede PP-AL) e atualizadas para sete países da região (Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica, Nicarágua, Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai) – apresentados neste dossiê –, o artigo procura realizar um balanço dos principais resultados evidenciados na temática "Políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar na América Latina" e apontar lacunas para uma nova agenda de pesquisa. Nesta perspectiva, o artigo foi organizado em quatro partes. A primeira aborda algumas características da agricultura familiar na região. A segunda discute o modo como os Estados nacionais vêm reconhecendo político e institucionalmente essa categoria social. A terceira procura discutir os "tipos" de ações e políticas públicas direcionadas para a agricultura familiar, e algumas de suas características. Por fim, propõe-se uma agenda de pes- quisa a partir das análises já realizadas e das lacunas evidenciadas.
Mientras el programa costarricense de Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PPSA) ha sido tradicionalmente presentado como un mecanismo basado sobre el mercado, se ha demostrado últimamente que el programa, a menos en la forma que se ejecuta, se aparta mucho de este ideal. Este estudio pretende profundizar la comprensión del tipo de arreglo institucional que constituye el PPSA, a través del análisis del principio de justicia subyacente al programa y de su gobernanza. A partir de las matrices de análisis de Pascual et al. (2010) y de Wunder (2005), el análisis de la concepción de justicia subyacente al programa muestra que la visión del programa no se puede considerar "neoliberal", al no estar basada sobre una lógica utilitaria pero más bien de "gratificación por servicios ambientales. La aplicación de la matriz conceptual de Vatn (2010) permite identificar que tres tipos de estructuras de gobernanza - jerarquía, mercado y gestión comunitaria - son combinados para que el PPSA funcione. Permite diferenciar el PPSA del modelo "coasiano" que pone énfasis únicamente sobre su supuesta lógica de mercado. La duración de esta visión del PPSA como un mecanismo de mercado se explica por parte por preferencias ideológicas sostenidas por estructuras de poder.
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) must face climate change (CC) issues together with other priorities for agriculture and rural landscapes. Although a diversity of possible CSA conducive instruments can been listed, the policy processes conditioning their emergence and successful implementation have not been thoroughly identified. In most countries, instruments already exist to foster environmental friendly practices, such agro-environmental measures, but their specific attention to CC is still limited. Simultaneously, agricultural actions take part of more general CC national strategies but face difficulties in being adopted and implemented. This communication proposes an integrated framework to analyze policies processes for CSA. From a review of mitigation and adaptation experiences in Latin America, we first identify the specificity of CC challenges for the agriculture, and the existing policies and instruments that are currently proposed to CSA. Then, we review the different policy analytical frameworks developed by cognitive approaches of policy process analysis (Multiple Stream Framework, Advocacy Coalition Framework), and by institutional economics literature (Path Dependency, Institutional Analysis and Development). We identify the adjustments required in the existing frameworks to usefully analyze processes towards CSA conducive policies, enabling to cope with some specific issues of CC such as: its multiscale dimension, high level of uncertainties, high role of expertise, low salience of problem, difficulties to frame, law institutionalization of protagonists. (Texte intégral)
References Climate mitigation and adaptation can be tackled at the landscape scale, combining agricultural and non-agricultural components, reduced deforestation, development of agro-forestry and integrated crop-livestock systems. The spatial distribution of land use could be critical to achieve both climate change issue and income generation and distribution. Should land be spared or shared to reach climate smart goals? To answer this research question, we analyze the impact of the Costa Rican program of recognition for environmental benefits (REB) on the layout of land use in farms located in the Chorotega Region (Northwestern Costa Rica) characterized by confronting environmental issues, such as recent forest recovery process, but land degradation and water scarcity. The Ministry of Agriculture has implemented the REB program from 2007. Extensive livestock is the main sub sector and area for REB use. We will discuss a development model of land sparing that would imply intensification of breeding to reduce the pressure on forest area. The "intensive grazing" (breeding with supply inputs) uses less space than the "extensive grazing" and could thus save space for forest regeneration. The technical model of intensive livestock may use a diet based on purchased inputs and improved pastures. A survey in 76 farms that participated to the REB program was carried out from February to May 2014. This survey enables to collect information related to the evolution of farms' activities and their location before and after their participation to REB. We process this information by using spatial methods (graphical modeling, Brunet, 1980 ; Cheylan et al. 1990), to identify patterns of land use distribution. Elementary spatial structures (" chorèmes " , Fig 1) are combined to form graphic models. The theorical model that we will discuss is presented with a model graphic in Fig 2. (Texte intégral)
Cette présentation préparée avec Jean-François Le Coq et Bruno Rapidel pour l'introduction des six ateliers nationaux sur la conférence climato-intelligente en Amérique Centrale a été donnée à l'atelier de Panama. Elle commence par définir l'agriculture climato-intelligente et en préciser les origines en termes de préoccupations face au changement climatique, de mobilisation scientifique et d'intentions politiques. L'évolution vers plus de réalisme du concept d'intelligence climatique est discutée avant d'en expliciter les principales problématiques, d'une part sur les pratiques agricoles et d'autre part sur les politiques et le financement des réponses de l'agriculture aux changements climatiques. L'association à la CSA d'objectifs d'intégration et de transition, est expliquée à partir d'une brève analyse des résultats de la conférence CSA2015 et de la déclaration de Montpellier qui s'en est suivie. L'apport spécifique possible de la CSA aux débats sur la situation de l'agriculture est discuté et aboutit à trois principales interrogations sur la portée de la CSA pour: hiérarchiser les priorités entre sécurité alimentaire, adaptation et atténuation; promouvoir un modèle agricole; bénéficier à l'agriculture familiale. Quelques perspectives concluent la présentation et invitent au débat pour la traduction et la possible appropriation de l'intelligence climatique par les acteurs de l'agriculture et de l'environnement en Amérique Centrale. (Texte intégral)
Cette présentation préparée avec Bruno Rapidel et Abigail Fallot pour l'introduction des six ateliers nationaux en préparation de la conférence climato-intelligente régionale en Amérique Centrale a été donnée à l'atelier du Salvador (et dans des versions remanié es au Guatemala par JF Le Coq, au Panama par Abigail Fallot, au Honduras et au Nicaragua par Bruno Rapidel). Conçue pour générer des débats entre acteurs de ces pays afin d'évaluer l'intérêt national de la mobilisation de ce concept, elle commence par définir l'agriculture climato-intelligente et en préciser les origines en termes de préoccupations face au changement climatique, de mobilisation scientifique et d'intentions politiques. Les intérêts et limite du concept d'intelligence climatique est discutée avant d'en expliciter les principaux enjeux tant technique (pratiques agricoles) qu'institutionnel (politiques et financement). Cette présentation présente enfin une synthèse des résultats et perspectives suite à la conférence CSA2015 à Montpellier. Quelques perspectives concluent la présentation et invitent au débat pour la traduction et la possible appropriation de l'intelligence climatique par les acteurs de l'agriculture et de l'environnement en Amérique Centrale, dans la perspective de la COP 2.
Ecosystem Services based mechanisms, such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES), have been largely analyzed in relation to forest conservation or management. However, PES schemes to promote ES derived from agricultural activities are still limited; existing agricultural policy instruments have been poorly analyzed in relation to the provision of ES. In this communication, we identify the opportunities and limitations to support ES provision of two agriculture oriented policy instruments: agri-environmental measures (AEM) in France and the program of recognition for environmental benefits (REB) in Costa Rica. Based on interviews with the institutional actors in charge of the implementation of the policies and with the beneficiaries at national and local level, we draw insights of their application using an analysis framework based on PES literature. Several criteria of analysis are selected (Engel et al, 2008, Muradian et al., 2013): effectiveness and efficiency, additionnality, legitimacy, distributional implications, crowding-out effect of monetary incentives on intrinsic motivations, trap of compensation logic. Using these criteria, we identify similarities and differences between these two policy instruments. The issue of additionality and payment for existing practices arise for both instruments. AEM remain in a compensation logic, while REB pay an investment for the provision of ES. AEM tend to reproduce the unequal distribution of agricultural subsidies. Several variables show a democratization of the use of the REB to the most disadvantaged agricultural populations (but the results remain contradictory for some variables). We finally highlight the main debates that are facing the agricultural policy instruments to better promote ES provision by agricultural system. We identify lessons that may be learnt from this analysis to improve the articulation between agricultural and conservation policies.
