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Introduction Participants' perspectives are valuable in evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention. Methods Interviews were conducted with teachers of students with visual impairments and students who completed an intervention designed to build graphics literacy skills. Results Six themes were identified with corresponding subthemes. The intervention was reported to build students' graphics literacy skills. Discussion Some students were able to generalize the strategies they learned to academic classes. Higher-level thinking skills challenged some students. Implications for practitioners A systematic approach beginning early can increase students' graphics literacy skills. Teachers should provide ongoing opportunities for thinking and regulation of learning.

Background: The Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) program is designed to support people diagnosed with severe mental illness in developing tailored illness-management skills and to pursue personal goals. Although IMR is a goal-oriented program, little is know about the participants' experience of goal-setting as part of IMR. Aim: To describe participants' lived experience of personal goal-setting as part of the Illness Management and Recovery program (IMR). Method: A descriptive, phenomenological research design was employed with individual interviews. Results: IMR helped the participants break down their personal goals into manageable short-term goals. The main themes were as follows: 'We were guided to set clearer and specific goals in IMR', 'We were encouraged to pursue our personal goals in IMR' and 'We were encouraged and supported to resume work on our goals when we stopped making progress'. The findings emphasise goal-setting in IMR as a means to instilling hope for the future and work on goals. Conclusions: The participants learned to identify, articulate and initiate work towards short- and long-term goals when guided by the instructor and supported by peers in the IMR group. Goal-setting is a useful method for breaking down personal recovery goals into a practical short-term goals and motivating participants to pursue them. The findings indicate goal-setting is an important part of the IMR-program, but suggest that flexibility in goal-setting is needed, especially in the time required to achieve personal goals.

Numerous strategies have been employed to examine ways to reduce the litter problem in society. However, the problem continues. Although the research does rot suggest a single "cure-all" method to eliminate littering behavior, many simple, creative, and cost-efficient strategies have proven to be effective. This review examined 40 articles and 59 studies that employed either an antecedent or consequence strategy. Of the 59 studies, 46 used antecedent techniques and 13 used consequence techniques. Both strategies were generally effective in reducing litter. The strengths, limitations, and general results of the techniques were examined. Future research should include more utility analyses, studies of the long-term effects of interventions, and large-scale interventions.

Abstract. In this study we focused on identifying a geomorphological feature that controls the location of landslides. The representation of the feature is based on a high-resolution digital elevation model derived from the airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) and evaluated by the statistical analysis of axial orientation data. The main principle of this analysis is generating eigenvalues from axial orientation data and comparing them. The planarity, a ratio of eigenvalues, would tell the degree of irregularity on the ground surface based on their ratios. Results are compared to the recent landslide case in Korea in order to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed methodology in identifying the potential landslide hazard. The preliminary landslide hazard assessment based on the planarity analysis discriminates features between stable and unstable domain in the study area well, especially in the landslide initiation zones. Results also show it is beneficial to build the landslide hazard inventory mapping, especially where no information on historical records of landslides exists. By combining other physical procedures such as geotechnical monitoring, the landslide hazard assessment using geomorphological features promises a better understanding of landslides and their mechanisms and provides an enhanced methodology to evaluate their hazards and appropriate actions.