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Morphometric characterisation is particularly relevant in the study of geomorphological heritage. 3D modelling techniques have been proven as very useful tools to recognise, characterise and valorise geomorphosites. Bedrock rivers account for one of the most outstanding aspects within geomorphological heritage due to the amount of distinctive and attractive geomorphological features associated to them and the high preservation of sculpted forms. Digital elevation models (DEMs) have made it increasingly possible to establish accurate morphometric indices and establish clearer connections between forms and processes. This paper reviews different methodologies to obtain DEMs on bedrock rivers. This review goes from DEM analysis at multiple spatial scales to introduce optical microrugosimeter as the latest technical development to facilitate micromorphometric analysis. Micromorphometric analysis opens the scope for improving the knowledge we have on trans-scale issues in bedrock rivers. Micromorphometric analysis also opens a new layer of information that enriches the public's valuation of geodiversity of geomorphosites by increasing its didactic and interpretative potential. ; This work was supported by Geomateriales 2 (S2013/MIT-2914) and Top Heritage (P2018/NMT-4372) programmes from the Regional Government of Madrid (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, because it precludes the need for intensive sampling. The present study focused on the usability of Raman spectrometers, which can provide such analysis, in the identification of conservation treatments applied to stone materials forming part of the architectural heritage. Two products commonly used to conserve stone monuments, an ethylmethacrylate copolymer and an ethyl orthosilicate, were analyzed with a Raman spectrometer, both as supplied and after application to limestone. The main conclusion was that portable Raman analyzers can detect the presence and—in some cases—identify the nature of products on stone substrates. The latter is not always possible due to product-stone substrate interaction. The study clearly showed that a product and substrate database is needed for portable Raman spectroscopy to be usable in the analysis of conservation products, both before and after application to stone substrates. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government's CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2007 (CSD2007-0058) project and GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629/GEOMATERIALES), a project sponsored by the Regional Government of Madrid. ; Peer Reviewed

The effect of high relative humidity (90% and 75% RH) on phase transformation and stability of CaCO3 polymorphs has been studied based on the structural and morphological changes from a colloidal solution based on Ca(OH)2 nanocrystals. Carbonation process has been confirmed indicating differences in nucleation and stability of CaCO3 polymorphs as a function of RH. Local fluctuations in the water/alcohol ratio significantly affect the precipitation/dissolution of anhydrous and hydrated polymorphs that are reflected in the particle size. Changes in lattice parameters and particle size are related to surface tension fluctuations, release of residual water and time of exposure. These results highly contribute to evaluate the stability of the Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles in high humidity conditions. ; This work was supported by the Government of the Community of Madrid (Spain), the GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629/GEOMATERIALES) and CONSOLIDER-TCP (CSD2007-0058) programmes and by the JAE-Doc CSIC contracts. ; Peer Reviewed

The Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, in Valdemorillo (Madrid, Spain) is almost entirely built with granitoids. The studies and analyses were focused on the oldest part of the building (Ghosts Corner), which will be restored and rehabilitated in the near future. Homogeneous monzogranite is the predominant granitoid used in the Ghosts Corner, followed by granitic porphyry, porphyrytic monzogranite, gneiss and leucogranite. The original quarries that supplied homogeneous monzogranites for the first construction stages correspond to blocks present in the monument's surroundings. Quarries that supplied the granitic porphyries correspond to the dykes located to east–southeast of Valdemorillo, which are oriented N–S in relation to their intrusion direction. The combined use of ultrasonic velocity and Schmidt hammer techniques allowed, first, selection of the most representative blocks and ashlars for sampling. This reduced sampling to a minimum, but yielded representative results for the whole building. Second, the combined values were used to compare results for the building stones of the church to rocks from the surrounding quarries. Stones from the building showed lower ultrasonic and Schmidt hammer values, and higher porosity and water saturation values compared to the original quarry rocks. The anisotropy indices are directly related to the decay processes in the stone: spalling of homogeneous monzogranite and grain disintegration in granitic porphyries. Finally, the methods applied are inexpensive, easy to use and non-destructive techniques, very advisable properties when working with built heritage. ; This study was financed by the Heritage General Directorate of Comunidad de Madrid (Regional Government of Madrid). The authors are also grateful to the MATERNAS programme (Durability and Conservation of Natural Traditional Materials for Architectural Heritage), which is also financed by Comunidad de Madrid (0505/MAT/94), to the CONSOLIDER programme (Technologies for the preservation and revalorisation of Cultural Heritage, CSD2007-0058) and to the Research Group financed by the Complutense University of Madrid "Alteration and Conservation of heritage stone materials (ref. 921349). ; Peer reviewed

Attached files: Extended abstract (3 pages) and PDF-PPT Presentation (24 slides).-- Communication presented at: 7th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Water and Cultural Heritage (Orléans, June 6-9, 2007). ; The former Workers Hospital was designed by architect Antonio Palacios in the Northern enlargement of Madrid at the beginning of the 20th century. The building and its surrounding wall are mostly built with limestone masonry. It remained abandoned almost during 25 years, and the Government of Madrid purchased the property at the beginning of the eighties of the last century. It commissioned the building restoration, and the works were carried out between 1984–1986. ; The main decay forms that exist on the stone façades are related to soiling processes, with the development of black crusts in some specific areas. The main causes responsible for this soiling are the urban environment that surrounds the Hospital -with intense traffic-, the façades and the wall design with many set backed elements that makes very difficult their washing by rain water, the rusticated finishing ashlars and the own passage of time. ; This work has been carried out as part of a Special Intramural Project, supported by the Spanish Council for Scientific Research. We would like to thank the architect of the Regional Ministry of Culture José María la Calle and the companies Proliser and FTB the facilities and assistance provided, and to the Regional Government of Madrid for the financial support Durability and Conservation of Natural Traditional Materials of the Architectural Heritage (MATERNAS_CM, 0505/MAT/0094). ; Peer reviewed

La Directiva 2002/91/CE abría hace ya casi veinte años la creación por parte de los países miembro de un procedimiento de certificación de eficiencia energética de edificios que fuera en consonancia con las políticas de esta índole de la Unión Europea (UE), cuya continuidad y evolución continúan a día de hoy con previsibles avances en los próximos años. Este procedimiento de certificación daba como resultado el correspondiente, y reconocido, certificado de eficiencia energética (CEE) el cual tenía la misión, según se puede leer en esta primigenia Directiva Europea, "que los consumidores puedan comparar y evaluar la eficiencia energética del edificio". Era, por tanto, interés de la UE, fomentar que el CEE no fuera únicamente una herramienta técnica para los certificadores u otros agentes del sector de la construcción, sino que tenía que arrojar indicadores que pudieran ver y comparar los usuarios, entrando en su cadena de decisión al comprar o alquilar una vivienda y favoreciéndose la elección de edificios de alta eficiencia energética por delante de otros que poseyeran un consumo más alto con las consecuentes emisiones nocivas al medioambiente asociadas. No obstante, la realidad que se produjo en los siguientes años fue diferente, radicando uno de sus problemas principales en la percepción del CEE por parte del usuario como un coste asociado a la compraventa y, sobre todo, falto de utilidad, posiblemente por el desconocimiento de lo que los indicadores significaban para el día a día del inquilino de la propiedad. Es por esto, que en este trabajo se ha investigado en ese necesario nexo de unión entre la ciudadanía sin conocimientos técnicos en eficiencia energética y el elemento diferenciador que debe representar el CEE. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una herramienta de cálculo de costes que parte de los indicadores principales de consumos de energía primaria que aparecen en el documento diferenciados: calefacción, refrigeración y agua caliente sanitaria. Se han estudiado, con base a los valores de fuentes oficiales como el Instituto para la Diversificación y el Ahorro Energético (IDAE) o la Red Eléctrica de España (REE), los costes asociados a los principales combustibles con los que se abastecen los equipos de producción de los edificios, con el fin de que el usuario pueda consultar el coste total base del edificio en el que se ha interesado, entrando así en la cadena de decisión de éste en la compraventa. Además, en este trabajo se han estudiado los valores de los edificios referencia de las versiones del Código Técnico de la Edificación de 2006, 2013 y 2020 describiéndose la evolución de los costes orientativos asociados a la eficiencia energética legislativa en nuestro país.

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A consolidating product based on nanoparticles of slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) dispersed in isopropyl alcohol was exposed under different relative humidities (RH), 33%, 54%, 75% and 90% during 7, 14, 21 and 28days. The characterization of the calcium hydroxide nanoparticles and the formed calcium carbonate polymorphs have been performed by Micro Raman spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Precipitation and transformation of calcium carbonate polymorphs strongly depend on the relative humidity (RH). Higher RH (75%-90% RH) gives rise to amorphous calcium carbonate and monohydrocalcite, calcite, aragonite and vaterite, faster carbonation and larger particles sizes with higher crystallinity compared to lower RH (33%-54% RH) that gives rise mainly to portlandite and vaterite, slower carbonation and smaller particle sizes with lower crystallinity. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ; This study was funded by the Government of the Community of Madrid by GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629) and CONSOLIDERTCP (CSD2007-0058) and to the JAE-Doc CSIC contracts for supporting P. López-Arce and L.S. Gómez-Villalba to develop this work. ; Peer Reviewed

This article reports on a compositional investigation of stone patinas: thin colored layers applied for protective and/or aesthetic purposes on architectural or sculptural substrates of cultural heritage. The analysis and classification of patinas provide important information of historic and artistic interest, as their composition reflects local practices, the availabilities of different materials, and the development of technological knowledge during specific historical periods. Model patinas fabricated according to traditional procedures and applied onto limestone, and a historic patina sample from the main façade of the San Blas Monastery in Lerma (a village in the province of Burgos, Spain), were analyzed by laser-induced fluorescence and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of these two analytical techniques to identify the key components of each formulation and those of the reaction products which result from the chemical and mineralogical transformations that occur during aging, as well as to provide information that can aid the classification of different types of patinas. ; This work has been funded by the Madrid Regional Government project Geomateriales (S2009/Mat-1629) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under projects CTQ2010-15680 and CONSOLIDER CSD2007-00058. ; Peer Reviewed

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are overrepresented among incarcerated populations. We examined whether ADHD was associated with increased severity of comorbid SUD and with increased psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Cross-sectional study of 500 randomly selected Latino male prisoners in the Puerto Rico Correctional System using validated diagnostic measures to assess <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, fifth edition (DSM-5) ADHD and SUD diagnosis, antisocial personality disorder (ASP) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We defined SUD severity by symptom count and by presence of at least 2 current SUD diagnoses (polysubstance). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Participants with ADHD had increased risk for lifetime (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) and current (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) SUDs, all comorbid psychiatric disorders, and suicidality (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). They had more severe SUD, both in number of symptoms and number of SUD (polysubstance) diagnoses (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). ADHD was associated with increased psychiatric comorbidity, as participants with ADHD were more likely to have a second diagnosis, and a greater number of comorbid disorders (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). ASP, BPD, major depression, and GAD, but not ADHD, were significant predictors of SUD severity in adjusted models. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Findings highlight the complex mental health needs of incarcerated populations, where SUD, ADHD, and other psychiatric disorders are prevalent and interrelated.

For hundreds of years, two types of granite (Zarzalejo and Alpedrete) from the Madrid region, Spain, have been extensively used as building stones. Fresh specimens of both stone types have been sampled from their respective quarries and subjected to sodium sulphate salt crystallization test (SCT). The resulting physical and chemical weathering patterns have been characterized by polarized light optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Water absorption under vacuum conditions and mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques were used to determine the pre- and post-SCT porosity and pore size distribution. The following non-destructive techniques were performed to assess stone durability and decay: ultrasound velocity (US) and surface roughness determination (SR) of intra- and inter-granular quartz, feldspar and biotite minerals at the centre as well as at the corners and edges of specimen surfaces. Before the SCT, US values were lower and SR values higher in Zarzalejo (ZAR) than Alpedrete (ALP) granite. After SCT, the US values declined while SR rose in both types of granites, with greater average differences in ZAR than ALP for both parameters. Feldspar and biotite and their inter-granular contacts were found to be the weakest and therefore the most decay-prone areas of the stone.The initial SR parameters were generally higher and rose more steeply after SCT at the corners and around the edges of the specimens.While behaviour was found to be similar in the two types of granite, variations were greater in ZAR, the less durable and more decay-prone of the two. Surface roughness measurement of mineral grains in granite stones is a very useful, in situ, non-destructive technique for quantifying salt crystallization-mediated physical and chemical weathering. The resulting quantification of decay and of related durability provides insight into the future behaviour of this type of stone, commonly used in historic buildings. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ; This study was funded by the Government of the Community of Madrid under the MATERNAS project (Ourability and conservation of traditional natural materials in heritage architecture) (MATERNAS CM 0505jMATj0094) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation as part of the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 programme (CS02007-0058). ; Peer Reviewed

Slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) nanoparticles were exposed at 33% and 75% relative humidity (RH) to consolidate dolostone samples used in historical buildings. Non-destructive techniques (NDT) were applied to determine the chemical, morphological, physical and hydric properties of the stone samples, before and after 20 days treatment. Morphological and mineralogical characterisation of the nanoparticles was performed. 75% RH favors the consolidation process studied under Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM-EDS), spectrophotometry, capillarity, water absorption under vacuum, ultrasound velocity, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (imaging and relaxometry) and Optical Surface Roughness analyses. At 75% RH the nanoparticles fill the pores and inter-crystalline dolomite grain contacts but do not favor calcite re-crystallization as it occurs at 33% RH. The ESEM, XRD and TEM analyses under 75% RH reveal the fast transformation of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) into vaterite (CaCO3), monohydrocalcite (CaCO3 · H2O) and calcite (CaCO3), and eventually the physical and hydric properties of the stones significantly improve. New insights are provided for the assessment of consolidation effectiveness of porous carbonate stones with calcium hydroxide nanoparticles under optimum RH conditions combining several NDT. ; This study was funded by the Government of the Community of Madrid under the project "Durability and conservation of traditional natural materials in heritage architecture" (MATERNAS CM 0505/MAT/0094) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation as part of the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 programme (CSD2007-0058) ; Peer reviewed