Suchergebnisse

[ES] En la actualidad, existe una gran inquietud entre los agricultores de regadío que ven el fuerte deterioro de sus infraestructuras de riego y la necesidad de modernizar sus sistemas de riego. Por otro lado las Administraciones Públicas (el Gobierno Central y las distintas Comunidades Autónomas) han iniciado unas líneas de ayuda a la modernización de los regadíos. Ante esta situación se está apreciando una gran demanda de información tecnológica por parte de los agricultores, que requieren modernos sistemas de riego automatizados y nuevas herramientas que faciliten su trabajo. El Departamento de Agricultura del Gobierno de Aragón, con cofinanciación de fondos FEOGA, ha puesto en marcha la Oficina del Regante adscrita a la Unidad de Suelos y Riegos del Servicio de Investigación Agroalimentaria del Gobierno de Aragón. El objetivo general de esta Oficina es ayudar a los regantes de Aragón a mejorar el uso del agua, con especial énfasis en su modernización. Desde su creación, en septiembre del año 2001, la Oficina del Regante ha venido desarrollando actividades que suponen una relevante contribución a la sostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío en Aragón. ; [EN] At present, Aragón in undergoing an important change in irrigation technology and water management. This generates a great demand of technological information by the farmers. The Department of Agriculture of the Government of Aragón and the FEOGA of the European Union, have started up the "hTigation Office", a project assigned to the Soils and Irrigation Department of the Agricultural Research Service of the Government of Aragón. The general aim of the Irrigation Office is to help farmers improve their water use, with emphasis on irrigation modernization. Since it was created in September 2001, the "Irrigation Office" has performed a number of activities of great interest for irrigated agriculture in this region. These activities are a relevant contribution to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Aragón. ; Peer reviewed

25 Pags. The definitive version, with 10 Tabls. and 2 Figs., is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 ; A field experiment was performed in two drip-irrigated seedless table grape vineyards (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Autumn Royal and Crimson) from 2007 to 2009 in a semiarid area of north-eastern Spain to evaluate the effect of post veraison regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the grape yield and quality. The same experimental layout was used in both cultivars. Two RDI treatments were compared with a full irrigation treatment in both cultivars. The full irrigation treatment (T1) was irrigated at 100% of the net irrigation requirements (NIR). The RDI treatments (T2 and T3) were irrigated as T1 except from veraison until harvest, when they received 80% and 60% of NIR, respectively. Average water saving in T3 was around 15% of the seasonal water applied in the treatment T1 while this saving in T2 ranged between 6% and 8%. Similar grape yields were obtained in the different irrigation treatments for the Autumn Royal cultivar during 2007 and 2009. However in 2008 the yield of T2 (46.0 kg vine−1) was significantly higher than in T3 (34.4 kg vine−1). For the Crimson cultivar, the grape yield of T3 was significantly lower than T2 in 2007 and 2008. In 2009 low grape yields were obtained in all treatments of the Crimson cultivar and no differences were observed between them. The quality parameters of the berry in both cultivars were not affected by the irrigation treatments. Berry cracking in Autumn was high in 2007 ranging from 14.7% to 21.4% and very low in 2008 and 2009 ranging from 1.5% to 4.3%. The reduction of berry cracking was attributed to the splitting of the irrigation dose in two applications per day, one at midday and the other one at night. Significant differences between irrigation treatments were observed in the CIELab color parameters of the berry skin in the Crimson cultivar. The overall results during the three study years showed that high grape yields of very good quality can be obtained with moderate regulated deficit irrigation in the post veraison phase without affecting grape quality in the Autumn and Crimson seedless cultivars in the arid conditions of the lower Ebro Valley in north-eastern Spain. ; This study has been financed by the RTA2005-00038-C06-00 project (Education and Science Ministry, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, INIA) and the CSD2006-00067 project (CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 Program, Government of Spain). ; Peer reviewed

49 Pags., 3 Tabls., 6 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://link.springer.com/journal/271 ; Gross sprinkler evaporation losses (SELg) can be large and decrease irrigation application efficiency. However, it is not universally established how much of the SELg contributes to decrease the crop evapotranspiration during the sprinkler irrigation and how much are the net sprinkler losses (SELn). The components of SEL were the wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) and the water intercepted by the crop (IL). The gross WDEL (WDELg) and evapotranspiration (ET) were measured simultaneously in two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plots, one being irrigated (moist, MT) and the other one not being irrigated (dry, DT). Catch can measurements, mass gains and losses in the lysimeters and micrometeorological measurements were performed to establish net WDEL (WDELn) during the irrigation and net IL (ILn) after the irrigation as the difference between ETMT and ETDT. Also, equations to estimate ILn and net sprinkler evaporation losses (SELn) were developed. ILn was strongly related to vapor pressure deficit (VPD). SELn were 8.3% of the total applied water. During daytime irrigations, SELn was 9.8% of the irrigation water and slightly less than WDELg (10.9%). During nighttime irrigations SELn were slightly greater than WDELg (5.4% and 3.7%, respectively). SELn was mainly a function of wind speed. ; This research was funded by the MCINN of the Government of Spain through grants AGL2007-66716-C03-01/02, AGL2010-21681-C03-01/03; the European Commission through grant QUALIWATER (INCO-CT-2005-015031) and by the FPI-MINECO PhD grant program. ; Peer reviewed

49 Pags., 1 Tabl., 1 Fig. The definitive version is available at: http://ascelibrary.org/toc/jidedh/130/6 ; The development of a coupled crop model (Ador-Crop) and solid set sprinkler irrigation model (Ador-Sprinkler) is reported in this work. The crop model incorporates many of the features developed in the well-known CropWat model. Improvements include the use of thermal time and the input of daily ET0. The solid set sprinkler model applies ballistic theory to determine water distribution resulting from water droplets subjected to a wind vector. Regarding the validation of the coupled model (AdorSim), the plot of soil available water versus measured and simulated yield reduction resulted in similar features. AdorSim explained 25% of the variability in measured yield reduction. Most of the unexplained variability is due to the effect of nonwater-related factors affecting crop yield. In a companion paper, AdorSim is used to investigate optimum water management options in the middle Ebro basin in the NE of Spain. ; This research was sponsored by the Research and Development program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Spain and the FEDER funds of The European Union, through grant 2FD97-0547, and by the CONSI+D of the Government of Aragón, through grant P028/2000. The International Agency of Cooperation (Government of Spain) awarded a research scholarship to F. Dechmi. ; Peer reviewed

40 Pags., 2 Tabls., 9 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://ascelibrary.org/toc/jidedh/130/6 ; In this work, applications of the coupled solid set sprinkler irrigation and crop model AdorSim introduced in the companion paper are presented. The sprinkler irrigation model is based on ballistic theory, while the crop model is based on CropWat. AdorSim was used to evaluate the effect of sprinkler spacing on seasonal irrigation water use (WU) and crop yield. The most relevant results were related to the characterization of advanced irrigation scheduling strategies. The differences in crop yield and WU derived from irrigating at different times of the day were estimated for two locations strongly differing in wind speed. Irrigation guidelines were established in these locations to relate gross water use and water stress induced yield reductions. Simulations were also applied to estimate adequate wind speed thresholds for irrigation operation. In the experimental conditions, thresholds of 2.0 - 2.5 m s-1 proved effective to control yield reductions and to minimize WU. ; This research was sponsored by the Research and Development program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Spain and the FEDER funds of The European Union, through grant 2FD97-0547, and by the CONSI+D of the Government of Aragón, through grant P028/2000. ; Peer reviewed

The definitive version is available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/0342-7188 ; A field experiment was performed to study the effect of the space and time variability of water application on solid set sprinkler irrigated corn yield. A solid set sprinkler irrigation setup – typical of the new irrigation developments in the Ebro basin of Spain – was considered. Analyses were performed to (1) study the variability of the water application depth in each irrigation event and in the seasonal irrigation, and (2) relate the spatial variability in crop yield with the variability of the applied irrigation and with the soil physical properties. The results of this research showed that a significant portion of the Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU) variability, wind drift and evaporation losses were explained by the wind speed alone. The seasonal irrigation uniformity (CU of 88 %) was higher than the average uniformity of the individual irrigation events (CU of 80 %). No evidence has been found proving that the soil diminishes the heterogeneity induced by the irrigation water distribution. The uniformity of soil water recharge was lower than the irrigation uniformity and the relationship between both variables was statistically significant. Results indicated that grain yield (GY) variability was partly dictated by the water deficit resulting from the non-uniformity of water distribution during the crop season. The uniformity of the irrigation events applied beyond the flowering stage was correlated with grain yield, indicating that in this period a proper selection of the wind conditions is required in order to attain high yield in sprinkler irrigated corn. ; This research was sponsored by the Research and Development program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Spain and the FEDER funds of The European Union, through grant 2FD97-0547, and by the CONSI+D of the Government of Aragón, through grant P028/2000. The International Agency of Cooperation (Government of Spain) awarded a research scholarship to F. Dechmi. ; Peer reviewed

36 Pags.- 5 Tabls.- 4 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 ; In the first paper of this series, the Loma de Quinto Irrigation District (LQD) was characterised, and water use was assessed. In this work, the analysis of the LQD is completed with field irrigation evaluations, solid-set sprinkler irrigation simulations and irrigation scheduling for optimal crop yield. The results of the irrigation evaluations indicated that the average Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU) for solid-sets, centre-pivots and linear-moves was 68.0, 75.5, and 80.0%, respectively. In solid-sets CU was severely reduced by wind speed. However, in centre-pivots and linear-moves CU was higher in evaluations with wind speeds between 2 and 6 m s−1 than under calm conditions. The evaluation data set was used to validate a ballistic solid-set sprinkler irrigation simulation model. The performance variables used for model validation were CU and the potential application efficiency of the low quarter (PAElq). Both variables were adequately predicted in the range of the observed values. The model was used to extend the evaluation results to all the solid-set plots in the LQD. CU maps were produced for different wind speeds and operating pressures. These maps can be used to identify plots with low irrigation performance. The effect of irrigation scheduling on crop yield and net benefit was analysed using the CropWat simulation model. Simulations of the 1997 irrigation practices performed on a limited number of plots detected a 12% decrease in crop yield due to deficit irrigation and/or large irrigation intervals. The introduction of an optimal irrigation schedule (avoiding yield reductions) would imply increasing the alfalfa seasonal irrigation depth by 101 mm, and applying light, frequent irrigation events. Due to labour scarcity in the LQD, the implementation of the optimal schedule would require a high degree of irrigation automation, which is currently unavailable. Taking into consideration the value of the additional yield and the costs of the extra irrigation water depth and the automation devices, the resulting net benefit would be 50 ha−1. The purpose of this analysis of the LQD is to contribute to the diagnostic analysis phase of an incipient Management Improvement Program at the LQD. In order to complete this phase, an interdisciplinary committee will perform a study not just on irrigation but on a wide scope of irrigated agriculture in the LQD. ; The International Agency of Cooperation (Government of Spain) awarded a research scholarship to F. Dechmi. This research was supported by the Plan Nacional de I+D of the Government of Spain (grant HID96-1380-C02-02) CONSI+D of the Government of Aragón, Spain (grants P008/1996 and P028/2000). ; Peer reviewed

8 Pag., 4 Fig. Trabajo presentado en: 1st International Conference Drought Management: Scientific and Technological Innovations, 2008/06/12-14, Zaragoza (Spain). ; [EN] In the last decade irrigation districts in Spain have started to use database software applications to improve their management operations. Such applications often put more emphasis on administrative issues than on water management issues. An irrigation district management software called Ador is presented in this paper. This database software application has been designed to promote water traceability and water allocation under conditions of scarcity. Ador can be used in irrigation districts independently of the type of irrigation system (surface, sprinkler or trickle) and the type of irrigation distribution network (open channel or pressurised). It can even be used in irrigation districts combining different types of irrigation systems and different types of irrigation distribution networks. The goals are to manage detailed information about district water management and to promote better on-farm irrigation practices. Ador is used primarily in the Aragon region of Spain. Some 70 irrigation districts, adding up to about 175,000 ha of irrigated land use Ador daily to manage water. The software has specific utilities for water allocation under drought conditions, which are applied by district managers to overcome difficult situations. ; [FR] Pendant la dernière décennie les associations des irrigants de l'Espagne ont commencé à utiliser des logiciels spécialisés pour leurs opérations de gestion. Ces logiciels sont souvent davantage focalisés sur la gestion administrative que sur la gestion de l'eau. Un logiciel de gestion de l'eau appelé Ador est présenté dans ce document. Ce logiciel a été conçu pour améliorer la traçabilité et l'allocation de l'eau en conditions de sécheresse. Ador peut être utilisé dans les associations d'irrigants avec différents systèmes d'irrigation (gravitaire, aspersion, goutte à goutte) et avec différents systèmes de distribution de l'eau (canaux et pressurisé). On peut même gérer des associations qui combinent différents types de systèmes d'irrigation et de distribution. Les objectifs de Ador sont enregistrer information détaillée sur la gestion locale de l'eau et promouvoir l'amélioration de l'efficience de l'irrigation. Ador est surtout utilisé dans la région de l'Aragon en Espagne. Environ 70 associations, avec 175 000 hectares irrigués utilisent Ador chaque jour pour gérer leurs ressources en eau. Le logiciel possède des outils spécifiques pour l'allocation de l'eau en conditions de sécheresse. Ces outils sont utilisés par les dirigeants de l'association quand les conditions deviennent difficiles. ; This research has been funded by the National Plan for Research and Developrnent of the Governrnent of Spain and the FEDER II funds of the European Union, through grants 2FD97-0547- 002 and AGL2000-01 51 -P4-02. Additional funds were received frorn the 13P prograrn of the European Union and the patrons of the Oficina del Regante (SIRASA, a public cornpany of the Governrnent of Aragón and the FEOGA funds of the European Union). ; Peer reviewed

40 pag., 4 Tabl., 7 Fig. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 ; The surface Irrigated District V of the Bardenas Canal (Zaragoza, Spain) was evaluated, and alternatives were assessed to improve on-farm irrigation performance. Field work consisted of a soil survey and a campaign of irrigation evaluation. The results of the irrigation evaluations were extrapolated to the whole district using a hydrodynamic surface irrigation model. An average irrigation discharge of 152 L s−1 results in a relatively low irrigation time (2.8 h ha−1). Shallow soils, a limited conveyance network, and poor irrigation management practices determine that the application efficiency in the district is low, with an average of 49%. The district wide irrigation efficiency only reaches reasonable values when the system operates under water scarcity (49% in 2000 versus 66% in 2001). The simulation of surface irrigation indicated that the optimum irrigation time in the current situation is 1.7 h ha−1. The optimization of the irrigation time would lead to an average application efficiency of 76%. Improved irrigation management can therefore result in substantial water conservation in the district. ; This research was funded by the Plan Nacional de I+D of the Government of Spain, by the FEDER funds of the European Union through grant 2FD97-0547-C02, and by the CONSI+D of the Autonomous Government of Aragón (awarding a research scholarship to S. Lecina). ; Peer reviewed

El objetivo del trabajo fue construir a través de un análisis multivariado, grupos homogéneos de estados a partir de variables estructurales determinantes de la pobreza con el fin de identificar los tipos de pobreza pre­valentes en México que sirvan como referente para el diseño de políticas públicas diferenciadas. Con informa­ción de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE), anexos estadísticos del Consejo Nacional de la Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) e indicadores estatales de México, ¿cómo vamos? se identificaron cuatro grupos estadísticamente diferenciados los cuales fueron ubicados geográficamente. Se concluye que estos grupos cuentan con estructuras y condiciones socioeconómicas distintas, generando, por tanto, un tipo de pobreza estructural distinta que requieren acciones diferenciadas con el fin de optimizar el uso de los recursos para lograr reducciones significativas en los niveles de pobreza en el mediano y largo plazo.

[EN] To understand soil erosion processes, it is vital to know how the weather types and atmospheric situations, and their distribution throughout the year, affect the soil erosion rates. This will allow for the development of efficient land management practices to mitigate water-induced soil losses. Vineyards are one of the cultivated areas susceptible to high soil erosion rates. However, there is a lack of studies that link weather types and atmospheric conditions to soil erosion responses in viticultural areas. Thus, the main aim of this research is to assess the impacts of weather types and atmospheric conditions on soil erosion processes in a conventional vineyard with tillage in eastern Spain. To achieve this goal, rainfall events from 2006 to 2017 were monitored and the associated runoff and soil loss were collected from experimental plots. Our results showed that the highest volume of runoff and soil erosion is linked to rainfall associated with the eastern winds that accounted for 59.7% of runoff and 63.9% of soil loss, while cold drops in the atmospheric situation classifications emerged as the highest contributor of 40.9% in runoff and 44.1% in soil loss. This paper provides new insights into the development of soil erosion control measures that help to mitigate the negative impact of extreme rainfall and runoff considering atmospheric conditions. ; This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant No. 603498 (RECARE Project). ; Rodrigo-Comino, J.; Senciales-González, JM.; Terol, E.; Mora Navarro, JG.; Gyasi-Agyei, Y.; Cerdà, A. (2020). Impacts of Weather Types on Soil Erosion Rates in Vineyards at "Celler Del Roure" Experimental Research in Eastern Spain. Atmosphere. 11(6):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060551 ; S ; 1 ; 14 ; 11 ; 6 ; Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Meusburger, K., van der Zanden, E. H., Poesen, J., & Alewell, C. (2015). Modelling the effect of support practices (P-factor) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European ...

The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 ; In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurized irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3,493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2,8 m s-1. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for eleven irrigation seasons, two triangular sprinkler spacings (18x18 and 18x15 m), and two sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s-1), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The thresholds for the standard strategy were CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed. ; CICYT of the Government of Spain (grant AGL2004-06675-C03-03/AGR) Government of Aragón (grant PIP090/2005) ; Peer reviewed

The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.01.015 ; Wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) represent a relevant water sink in sprinkler irrigation, particularly in areas with strong winds and high evaporative demand. The objectives of this paper include: 1) Characterize WDEL under day and night operation conditions for solid-set and moving lateral configurations; 2) Propose adequate predictive equations; and 3) Prospect the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables and on the estimates of reference evapotranspiration. A total of 89 catch can irrigation evaluations were performed in both irrigation systems and under day and night conditions. Different predictive equations of WDEL were proposed for combinations of the two irrigation systems and the two operation times. The equations were selected based on their capability to explain and predict WDEL. Most equations use wind speed alone as an independent variable, although some use relative humidity or combinations of both variables plus air temperature. In the semi-arid meteorological conditions of Zaragoza (Spain), the average WDEL for the solid-set were 15.4 % and 8.5 % during day and night irrigations, respectively. For the experimental moving lateral, losses amounted to 9.8 % during the day and 5.0 % during the night. The effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables was moderate, with small increases in relative humidity (3.9 %) and decreases in air temperature (0.5 ºC) during the irrigation event and a few minutes afterwards. Consequently, reference evapotranspiration, estimated by the Penman-Monteith method, decreased during the irrigation event by 0.023 mm h-1 on the average. This decrease represents 2.1 % of WDEL, suggesting that the WDEL do not significantly contribute to satisfy crop water requirements, and therefore constitute a consumptive water loss. ; This research was funded by the CONSI+D of the Government of Aragón (Spain) through grant P028/2000 and by the Plan Nacional de I+D+I of the government of Spain through grant AGL2004-06675-C03-03/AGR. ; Peer reviewed

19 pag.-5 fig.-1 tab. ; During several forays for ligninolytic fungi in different Spanish native forests, 35 white-rot basidiomycetes growing on dead wood (16 species from 12 genera) and leaf litter (19 species from 10 genera) were selected for their ability to decolorize two recalcitrant aromatic dyes (Reactive Blue 38 and Reactive Black 5) added to malt extract agar medium. In this study, two dye decolorization patterns were observed and correlated with two ecophysiological groups (wood and humus white-rot basidiomycetes) and three taxonomical groups (orders Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Agaricales). Depending on the above groups, different decolorization zones were observed on the dye-containing plates, being restricted to the colony area or extending to the surrounding medium, which suggested two different decay strategies. These two strategies were related to the ability to secrete peroxidases and laccases inside (white-rot wood Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Agaricales) and outside (white-rot humus Agaricales) of the fungal colony, as revealed by enzymatic tests performed directly on the agar plates. Similar oxidoreductases production patterns were observed when fungi were grown in the absence of dyes, although the set of enzyme released was different. All these results suggest that the decolorization patterns observed could be related with the existence of two decay strategies developed by white-rot basidiomycetes adapted to wood and leaf litter decay in the field. ; This work was supported by the CGL2009-07316 (to JMB) and BIO2011-26694 (to FJR-D) projects of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), and by the PEROXICATS (KBBE-2010-4-265397) and INDOX (KBBE-2013.3.3-04-613549 of the European Union (to ATM). FJR-D thanks a "Ramón y Cajal" contract of the Spanish MINECO. ; Peer reviewed