Suchergebnisse

A formal dynamic theory of the transition from a developing autocracy to democracy is presented in the context of a heterogeneous agent general equilibrium growth model. The theory shows that the primary determinants affecting the timing of democratic transitions are per capita income, the distribution of wealth, educational levels, and the strength of preferences for political rights and civil liberties. The implications of the theory are tested by estimating a proportional hazard function to determine the probability of a democratic transition at a particular point in time. The empirics demonstrate strong support for the model in an estimation of 75 countries during the postwar period.

A FORMAL DYNAMIC THEORY OF THE TRANSITION FROM A DEVELOPING AUTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY IS PRESENTED IN THE CONTEXT OF A HETEROGENOUS AGENT GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GROWTH MODEL. THE THEORY SHOWS, THAT THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE TIMING OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS ARE PER CAPITA INCOME, THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, AND THE STRENGTH OF PREFERENCES FOR POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE THEORY ARE TESTED BY ESTIMATING A PROPORTIONAL HAZARD FUNCTION TO DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY OF A DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AT A PARTICULAR POINT IN TIME. THE EMPIRICS DEMONSTRATE STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE MODEL IN AN ESTIMATION OF 75 COUNTRIES DURING THE POSTWAR PERIOD.

Environmental commitment to sustainability is one of the most critical issues in the &ldquo ; emerging contaminants&rdquo ; few studies have examined the role of commitment to pro-environmental behavior and environmental concerns. This study aimed to explore the relationship between environmental commitment and three forms of emotional association: place attachment and social identity, connectedness and concerned about nature. Using 1288 respondents and a structural equation modeling approach, results show that connection to nature enhanced social identity, place attachment, and environmental concern, which in turn increased environmental commitment to sustainability. Place attachment was not related to environmental commitment to sustainability. Further analysis suggested that the theoretical model relationship between connection to nature and environmental commitment to sustainability was mediated by social identity and environmental concern. The findings of this research can offer guidelines for policy makers and green educators who evaluate an environmental commitment so as to provide proper beliefs association with nature and promote social identity and place attachment by emerging contaminants in educational activities. This demonstrates the importance of using a series of robustness of social identity and place attachment instruments and more environmental concern to promote environmental commitment to sustainability. Interpretation of the findings reveals the potential role that environmental commitment to sustainability can play as a hub and catalyst for major emerging contaminants change by fostering recognition of environmental commitment as a way of change and combine schools and government sectors to connect the micro- and macro-levels.