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This article analyzes the ways in which Nietzsche's genealogical ethos can contribute to our contemporary thinking about the meaning of the European idea. It sets out by outlining the main aspects of Nietzsche's genealogical approach. The article then identifies the growing debate on the contemporary "crisis" & "meaninglessness" of the European idea as a site where Nietzsche's genealogical reflections can be applied creatively & innovatively. There are at least three benefits that emerge from such an engagement. Firstly, Nietzsche's genealogy of European nihilism can assist in explaining the pessimism that is frequently displayed by contemporary scholars & policymakers in response to the perceived absence of a more meaningful vision of Europe. Secondly, Nietzsche's genealogical analysis exposes some of the historical limitations that characterize much of the contemporary debate on the idea of Europe, pointing instead to a conception of the "good European" that seeks to address these limitations. Finally, & most importantly, Nietzsche's genealogical method is capable of provoking a valuable experience of autonomy in relation to many previous constraints of European culture. Nietzsche's genealogical ethos can thus be of considerable use in delineating a way of thinking about the European idea in the twenty-first century that neither posits an essentialist idea of Europe, nor restricts itself to a technocratic or functionalist approach to European governance. Adapted from the source document.

This article draws attention to Friedrich Nietzsche's discussion of the advent of European nihilism, or meaninglessness, as a way of illuminating our understanding of the violent & authoritarian politics of 20th-century Europe. In this vein, the article sets out by reviewing Nietzsche's analysis of European nihilism & suggests it was often the desire to escape this disconcerting experience that served to fuel the rise of authoritarian movements, as well as the violent conflicts that erupted between them. To this end, the article subsequently surveys some of the references, both scholarly & those based on lived experiences, which testify to the respective role-played by the experience of meaninglessness in the two world wars, as well as the Cold War. The article concludes with a brief consideration of Nietzsche's own proposed strategy for confronting the advent of European nihilism. Adapted from the source document.

'Nietzsche Contra Democracy' by Fredrick Appel is reviewed.

Bound up with the human cost of HIV/AIDS is the critical issue of its impact on national and international security, yet attempts to assess the pandemic's complex risk fail to recognize the political dangers of construing the disease as a security threat. The securitization of HIV/AIDS not only affects the discussion of the disease in international policy debates, but also transforms the very nature and function of security within global politics.In his analysis of the security implications of HIV/AIDS, Stefan Elbe addresses three concerns: the empirical evidence that justifies framing HIV/AID

ABSTRACTNorm diffusion scholarship analyzes how states come to agree and adopt new international norms. Yet, formal adoption of a new norm does not in itself guarantee that a government will also implement it domestically, and very little international relations scholarship drills down deep enough to examine whether and how new international norms are subsequently integrated, incorporated, and translated at sub-state level. This article initiates a research agenda on norm "domestication" through the first in-depth study of how international norms in the field of global health are locally incorporated by community-based organizations (CBOs). Drawing upon multi-sited international fieldwork in Uganda, Ukraine, and El Salvador, the paper uncovers three norm domestication strategies used by CBOs of people affected by HIV/AIDS: harnessing political divisions within national governments, circumventing government policy with international help, and mounting legal challenges to government policy. The article argues that these CBO strategies represent "glocal" forms of power capable of forging local–global connections through combined practices of norm allying, norm implementation, and norm intertwining. These subtler processes of norm domestication, the article concludes, ultimately require a reconceptualization of norm diffusion not just as a transnational phenomenon, but as a "multi-local" process during which norms are concurrently localized across diverse geographic locales.

Norm diffusion scholarship analyzes how states come to agree and adopt new international norms. Yet, formal adoption of a new norm does not in itself guarantee that a government will also implement it domestically, and very little international relations scholarship drills down deep enough to examine whether and how new international norms are subsequently integrated, incorporated, and translated at sub-state level. This article initiates a research agenda on norm "domestication" through the first in-depth study of how international norms in the field of global health are locally incorporated by community-based organizations (CBOs). Drawing upon multi-sited international fieldwork in Uganda, Ukraine, and El Salvador, the paper uncovers three norm domestication strategies used by CBOs of people affected by HIV/AIDS: harnessing political divisions within national governments, circumventing government policy with international help, and mounting legal challenges to government policy. The article argues that these CBO strategies represent "glocal" forms of power capable of forging local–global connections through combined practices of norm allying, norm implementation, and norm intertwining. These subtler processes of norm domestication, the article concludes, ultimately require a reconceptualization of norm diffusion not just as a transnational phenomenon, but as a "multi-local" process during which norms are concurrently localized across diverse geographic locales.

Résumé La pandémie de sida est une tragédie de sécurité humaine : touchant la sécurité alimentaire, l'emploi, l'éducation et les services publics, elle a des effets globaux sur la stabilité des États. Les armées sont particulièrement touchées par le virus. Elles peuvent être des vecteurs de propagation, et donc de déstabilisation internationale, modifiant les conditions mêmes des conflits, ou des opérations de maintien de la paix. Mais elles peuvent aussi devenir des acteurs majeurs de la lutte contre la pandémie.

AbstractThis article advances a new account of security as an intensely relational and ontologically entangled phenomenon that does not exist prior to, nor independently of, its intra-action with other phenomena and agencies. Security's 'entanglement' is demonstrated through an analysis of the protracted security concerns engendered by 'dangerous' scientific experiments performed with lethal H5N1 flu viruses. Utilising methodological approaches recently developed in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), the article explicates the intensely 'co-productive' dynamics at play between security and science in those experiments, and which ultimately reveal security to be a deeply relational phenomenon continuously emerging out of its engagement with other agencies. Recovering this deeper ontological entanglement, the article argues, necessitates a different approach to the study of security that does not commence by fixing the meaning and boundaries of security in advance. Rather, such an approach needs to analyse the diverse sites, dynamics, and processes through which security and insecurity come to intra-actively materialise in international relations. It also demands a fundamental reconsideration of many of the discipline's most prominent security theories. They are not merely conceptual tools for studying security, but crucial participants in its intra-active materialisation.

The international sharing of virus data is critical for protecting populations against le-thal infectious disease outbreaks. Scientists must rapidly share information to assessthe nature of the threat and develop new medical countermeasures. Governmentsneed the data to trace the extent of the outbreak, initiate public health responses,and coordinate access to medicines and vaccines. Recent outbreaks suggest, however,that the sharing of such data cannot be taken for granted – making the timely inter-national exchange of virus data a vital global challenge. This article undertakes thefirst analysis of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data as an innovativepolicy effort to promote the international sharing of genetic and associated influenzavirus data. Based on more than 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with key in-formants in the international community, coupled with analysis of a wide range ofprimary and secondary sources, the article finds that the Global Initiative on SharingAll Influenza Data contributes to global health in at least five ways: (1) collating themost complete repository of high-quality influenza data in the world; (2) facilitatingthe rapid sharing of potentially pandemic virus information during recent outbreaks;(3) supporting the World Health Organization's biannual seasonal flu vaccine strainselection process; (4) developing informal mechanisms for conflict resolution aroundthe sharing of virus data; and (5) building greater trust with several countries key toglobal pandemic preparedness.

How do algorithms shape the imaginary and practice of security? Does their proliferation point to a shift in the political rationality of security? If so, what is the nature and extent of that shift? This article explores these questions in relation to global health security. Prompted by an epidemic of new infectious disease outbreaks – from HIV, SARS and pandemic flu, through to MERS and Ebola – many governments are making health security an integral part of their national security strategies. Algorithms are central to these developments because they underpin a number of nextgeneration syndromic surveillance systems now routinely used by governments and international organizations to rapidly detect new outbreaks globally. This article traces the origins, design and evolution of three such internet-based surveillance systems: 1) the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases, 2) the Global Public Health Intelligence Network, and 3) HealthMap. The article shows how the successive introduction of those three syndromic surveillance systems has propelled algorithmic technologies into the heart of global outbreak detection. This growing recourse to algorithms for the purposes of strengthening global health security, the article argues, signals a significant shift in the underlying problem, nature, and role of knowledge in contemporary security practices.