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International audience ; This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that, while recognizing the large variations in the specificities of ports, port measures could promote the reduction of underwater noise emissions from commercial navigation by changes in hull, propeller and engine design; and through operational measures associated with speed reduction, rerouting and convoy transport. Although the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly severe and widespread, there is uncertainty as to the mechanisms, contexts and levels that should lead to actions, requiring preventive management. Ship owners already face significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors.Based on a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could come up with measures such as reduced port fees and reduced waiting times for ships in ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to step up actions through environmental indices and classification society ratings, and integration with actions of other ports could help support this. However, few ships know their baseline for underwater noise, as there are very few hydrophonic stations and measurement methods are not standardized. Costs increase and availability drops dramatically if the purchaser of the vessel wishes to improve the sound profile. With local demands for airborne noise near airports, global pressure on the aviation industry has been stimulated to adopt existing calming technology. This experience with aviation noise control may shed light on the underwater noise process. ; Ce document vise à trouver des mécanismes pour aligner les intérêts ...

International audience ; This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that, while recognizing the large variations in the specificities of ports, port measures could promote the reduction of underwater noise emissions from commercial navigation by changes in hull, propeller and engine design; and through operational measures associated with speed reduction, rerouting and convoy transport. Although the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly severe and widespread, there is uncertainty as to the mechanisms, contexts and levels that should lead to actions, requiring preventive management. Ship owners already face significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors.Based on a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could come up with measures such as reduced port fees and reduced waiting times for ships in ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to step up actions through environmental indices and classification society ratings, and integration with actions of other ports could help support this. However, few ships know their baseline for underwater noise, as there are very few hydrophonic stations and measurement methods are not standardized. Costs increase and availability drops dramatically if the purchaser of the vessel wishes to improve the sound profile. With local demands for airborne noise near airports, global pressure on the aviation industry has been stimulated to adopt existing calming technology. This experience with aviation noise control may shed light on the underwater noise process. ; Ce document vise à trouver des mécanismes pour aligner les intérêts ...

International audience ; This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that, while recognizing the large variations in the specificities of ports, port measures could promote the reduction of underwater noise emissions from commercial navigation by changes in hull, propeller and engine design; and through operational measures associated with speed reduction, rerouting and convoy transport. Although the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly severe and widespread, there is uncertainty as to the mechanisms, contexts and levels that should lead to actions, requiring preventive management. Ship owners already face significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors.Based on a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could come up with measures such as reduced port fees and reduced waiting times for ships in ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to step up actions through environmental indices and classification society ratings, and integration with actions of other ports could help support this. However, few ships know their baseline for underwater noise, as there are very few hydrophonic stations and measurement methods are not standardized. Costs increase and availability drops dramatically if the purchaser of the vessel wishes to improve the sound profile. With local demands for airborne noise near airports, global pressure on the aviation industry has been stimulated to adopt existing calming technology. This experience with aviation noise control may shed light on the underwater noise process. ; Ce document vise à trouver des mécanismes pour aligner les intérêts ...

International audience ; There is currently an increasing interest to recover community management of resources, or even to (re-) create them as "new commons" (Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual, 2012). The purpose of this communication is to explore, through the case-study of water management in the city of Naples (Italy) , how new commons emerge. This purpose is composed on two sub questions: how does the commons concept perform? What are the actors and the processes that make the emergence of a new common effective? The story of the institutionalisation of water as a Common in the city of Naples started with citizen movements. These movements blossomed after a general trend of privatisation during the 90s: this allowed a private agency to get the management of the integrated water services of Naples. After a series of political struggles lasting more than 10 years, a great numbers of stakeholders involved and a tremendously successful referendum, the movements succeeded in transforming the private water agency, S.p.A., into a special compan , ABC (which stands for "Acqua Bene Comune", in English "Water as a Common Good") . This was done in order to eliminate the incentives to the pursuit of economic short-term profit, and in order to guarantee water as a human right. Naples is the first city in Italy to have re-municipalized its water service and this case study is not only the story of an organisational innovation, but also the story of a larger scale legal tools innovation (Lucarelli, 2010; Bailey and Mattei, 2013) .This study contributes to the overcoming of the apparent dichotomy between material and immaterial commons by focusing on the social construction of the commons. By examining this social construction phenomenon, this paper underlines the struggles around the commons and pinpoints some pathways and recipes that can foster the setting up and the resilience of commons management systems.

International audience ; There is currently an increasing interest to recover community management of resources, or even to (re-) create them as "new commons" (Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual, 2012). The purpose of this communication is to explore, through the case-study of water management in the city of Naples (Italy) , how new commons emerge. This purpose is composed on two sub questions: how does the commons concept perform? What are the actors and the processes that make the emergence of a new common effective? The story of the institutionalisation of water as a Common in the city of Naples started with citizen movements. These movements blossomed after a general trend of privatisation during the 90s: this allowed a private agency to get the management of the integrated water services of Naples. After a series of political struggles lasting more than 10 years, a great numbers of stakeholders involved and a tremendously successful referendum, the movements succeeded in transforming the private water agency, S.p.A., into a special compan , ABC (which stands for "Acqua Bene Comune", in English "Water as a Common Good") . This was done in order to eliminate the incentives to the pursuit of economic short-term profit, and in order to guarantee water as a human right. Naples is the first city in Italy to have re-municipalized its water service and this case study is not only the story of an organisational innovation, but also the story of a larger scale legal tools innovation (Lucarelli, 2010; Bailey and Mattei, 2013) .This study contributes to the overcoming of the apparent dichotomy between material and immaterial commons by focusing on the social construction of the commons. By examining this social construction phenomenon, this paper underlines the struggles around the commons and pinpoints some pathways and recipes that can foster the setting up and the resilience of commons management systems.

International audience ; There is currently an increasing interest to recover community management of resources, or even to (re-) create them as "new commons" (Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual, 2012). The purpose of this communication is to explore, through the case-study of water management in the city of Naples (Italy) , how new commons emerge. This purpose is composed on two sub questions: how does the commons concept perform? What are the actors and the processes that make the emergence of a new common effective? The story of the institutionalisation of water as a Common in the city of Naples started with citizen movements. These movements blossomed after a general trend of privatisation during the 90s: this allowed a private agency to get the management of the integrated water services of Naples. After a series of political struggles lasting more than 10 years, a great numbers of stakeholders involved and a tremendously successful referendum, the movements succeeded in transforming the private water agency, S.p.A., into a special compan , ABC (which stands for "Acqua Bene Comune", in English "Water as a Common Good") . This was done in order to eliminate the incentives to the pursuit of economic short-term profit, and in order to guarantee water as a human right. Naples is the first city in Italy to have re-municipalized its water service and this case study is not only the story of an organisational innovation, but also the story of a larger scale legal tools innovation (Lucarelli, 2010; Bailey and Mattei, 2013) .This study contributes to the overcoming of the apparent dichotomy between material and immaterial commons by focusing on the social construction of the commons. By examining this social construction phenomenon, this paper underlines the struggles around the commons and pinpoints some pathways and recipes that can foster the setting up and the resilience of commons management systems.

International audience ; There is currently an increasing interest to recover community management of resources, or even to (re-) create them as "new commons" (Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual, 2012). The purpose of this communication is to explore, through the case-study of water management in the city of Naples (Italy) , how new commons emerge. This purpose is composed on two sub questions: how does the commons concept perform? What are the actors and the processes that make the emergence of a new common effective? The story of the institutionalisation of water as a Common in the city of Naples started with citizen movements. These movements blossomed after a general trend of privatisation during the 90s: this allowed a private agency to get the management of the integrated water services of Naples. After a series of political struggles lasting more than 10 years, a great numbers of stakeholders involved and a tremendously successful referendum, the movements succeeded in transforming the private water agency, S.p.A., into a special compan , ABC (which stands for "Acqua Bene Comune", in English "Water as a Common Good") . This was done in order to eliminate the incentives to the pursuit of economic short-term profit, and in order to guarantee water as a human right. Naples is the first city in Italy to have re-municipalized its water service and this case study is not only the story of an organisational innovation, but also the story of a larger scale legal tools innovation (Lucarelli, 2010; Bailey and Mattei, 2013) .This study contributes to the overcoming of the apparent dichotomy between material and immaterial commons by focusing on the social construction of the commons. By examining this social construction phenomenon, this paper underlines the struggles around the commons and pinpoints some pathways and recipes that can foster the setting up and the resilience of commons management systems.

There is currently an increasing interest to recover community management of resources, or even to (re-) create them as "new commons" (Ruiz-Ballesteros and Gual, 2012). The purpose of this communication is to explore, through the case-study of water management in the city of Naples (Italy) , how new commons emerge. This purpose is composed on two sub questions: how does the commons concept perform? What are the actors and the processes that make the emergence of a new common effective? The story of the institutionalisation of water as a Common in the city of Naples started with citizen movements. These movements blossomed after a general trend of privatisation during the 90s: this allowed a private agency to get the management of the integrated water services of Naples. After a series of political struggles lasting more than 10 years, a great numbers of stakeholders involved and a tremendously successful referendum, the movements succeeded in transforming the private water agency, S.p.A., into a special compan , ABC (which stands for "Acqua Bene Comune", in English "Water as a Common Good") . This was done in order to eliminate the incentives to the pursuit of economic short-term profit, and in order to guarantee water as a human right. Naples is the first city in Italy to have re-municipalized its water service and this case study is not only the story of an organisational innovation, but also the story of a larger scale legal tools innovation (Lucarelli, 2010; Bailey and Mattei, 2013) .This study contributes to the overcoming of the apparent dichotomy between material and immaterial commons by focusing on the social construction of the commons. By examining this social construction phenomenon, this paper underlines the struggles around the commons and pinpoints some pathways and recipes that can foster the setting up and the resilience of commons management systems.