Suchergebnisse

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are popular tools for accomplishing many machine learning tasks, including predicting continuous outcomes. However, the general lack of confidence measures provided with ANN predictions limit their applicability, especially in military settings where accuracy is paramount. Supplementing point predictions with prediction intervals (PIs) is common for other learning algorithms, but the complex structure and training of ANNs renders constructing PIs difficult. This work provides the network design choices and inferential methods for creating better performing PIs with ANNs to enable their adaptation for military use. A two-step experiment is executed across 11 datasets, including an imaged-based dataset. Two non-parametric methods for constructing PIs, bootstrapping and conformal inference, are considered. The results of the first experimental step reveal that the choices inherent to building an ANN affect PI performance. Guidance is provided for optimizing PI performance with respect to each network feature and PI method. In the second step, 20 algorithms for constructing PIs—each using the principles of bootstrapping or conformal inference—are implemented to determine which provides the best performance while maintaining reasonable computational burden. In general, this trade-off is optimized when implementing the cross-conformal method, which maintained interval coverage and efficiency with decreased computational burden.

Today the competition among states to promote their international legal policy is intensifying and there is evident need for convincing interpretation of the core notions provided in the UN Charter and other universal treaties, yet not defined in these instruments. In light of this political and legal background, the present article explores the international law scope of the terms "nation" and "people" and whether all states are considered as "nations" under the terms of the UN Charter. The authors also investigate the concept of "mankind" from the standpoint of the law of treaties concluding that such a concept is not legally identical to the term "international community of states".

The article is devoted to the creative legacy of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor, statesman and public figure Viktor M. Chkhikvadze, the 110th anniversary of the birth of which the scientific community of Russia is celebrating this year. Chkhikvadze headed the Military Law Academy, the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was actively engaged in the development of two scientific areas - Soviet Military Criminal Law and human rights theory, did a lot to strengthen international relations of the USSR.

The development of mankind at the present stage can be fully characterized as a crisis. The global challenges facing humanity are not provided with sufficient ideological potential. In other words, humanity as a whole (this applies not only to Russia) has a global crisis of ideas about its further movement and response to modern challenges. This fully applies to the phenomenon of law. The destruction of the existing world order leads to a reduction in the ability of the means of International Law to ensure peace and good-neighbourly relations between States; attempts to extend their jurisdictions by some countries increase the already significant conflict potential of our time. The sphere of law is also being tested within the country; the law has become significant in scope, complex; it "invades" those areas that have traditionally been "assigned" to other regulators. The sharp increase in the number of laws adopted is not accompanied by the sustainability of decisions; the existing laws are constantly changing; against the background of the loss or reduction of many value orientations, increasing differentiation of subjects of regulation, this leads to a "gap" between the law and the regulated relations, the loss of the value of the law itself as a regulator of relations, the devaluation of the law and the law. In the article from the standpoint of interdisciplinary analysis an attempt is made to understand the modern crisis phenomena; some conclusions are proposed, which, in the author's opinion, can reverse the existing negative trends.

As an object of research in the article, the phenomenon of the Russian space, taken in a long historical retrospective, appears, the subject issues of the study of which are the prerequisites, meanings and content, as well as significant cause-and-effect relationships and the dynamics of its transformations. It is shown that the processes of acquisition and development (colonization) of the country's space took many centuries, took place in different directions, with different intensity and were initially associated with special motives, extraordinary efforts and contradictory consequences. The cornerstones of the main stages of transformation of the Russian space — pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet — are considered. A theoretical understanding of the modern stage is proposed, the deep meaning of which the author associates with the need to remove the main contradiction of the spatial organization of life in the country, due to the abrupt transition of the country «from socialism to the market». The driving forces and limitations of the formation of a new configuration of space are highlighted, the course and content of this transition process are predicted. In the author's understanding, the ongoing transition is characterized by a complex interweaving of reforms and counter-reforms: the market-federative reversal of the 1990s (with its well-known excesses of reformation radicalism) is opposed by a mechanistic one that ignores the realities of the established market-capitalist system, and therefore counterproductive reproduction of a number of Soviet planning and placement algorithms of public administration. The conceptual approach to the consideration of the organization of the socio-economic space as a large complex dynamic open system and to the interpretation of its transformation processes as systemic transformations is substantiated. The deep Russian features of state participation in the transformation of the socio-economic space are revealed, the requirements for the current state regional policy are formulated.

The article contains the author's reflections on the scientific, theoretical and applied aspects of the modern challenges of Russia's spatial development and the state policy responding to them, its goals and tools. The reason for the appearance of these reflections was the recent publication of a scientific and academic collective monograph on this topic, and their subject basis was an extensive range of issues analyzed in this monograph. In his reflections on the book, the author strives to identify, first of all, scientific results that are of a pioneering and debatable nature, while avoiding making categorical assessments and formulating final conclusions about complex and ambiguous judgments presented on the pages of the book. The author does not try to comment equally on all sections and aspects of a voluminous monograph, but focuses on revealing the ideological richness and meaningful depth of the peer-reviewed collective work, supporting and criticizing, developing and supplementing its most important and controversial provisions.

The article considers the peculiarities of the artistic system in the works by the French writer of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, VLGE Marcel Proust. The foundations of his aesthetic views, which are manifested primarily at the level of the structural organisation in the novel cycle "In Search of Lost Timeˮ are studied. The specificity of the narrative, where the main role is played by involuntary memory, allows us to speak about the special geometry of the artistic space in this work. It happens due to Proust's rejection of "plane psychologyˮ in favour of "psychology in time". It is shown how on such a basis, thanks to the mnemonic mechanism, a complex connection of spontaneously arising spatial fragments with the temporal moments of existence arises and the chronotopic structure of the novel, built on the principle of relativity, is constructed where time becomes, in fact, the fourth dimension of space.

Subsidiary initiatives are proactive, entrepreneurial activities that arise locally without central directives or planning from headquarters. Prior research suggests that subsidiary initiatives are crucial to multinational corporations' (MNCs) success in foreign locations as they hold the potential to enhance local responsiveness, worldwide learning, and global integration by the leveraging of new knowledge. However, subsidiary-driven initiatives are often met with resistance in the corporate structure, by virtue of headquarters' limited capacity to pay attention to all stimuli, initiative misalignment to the MNC, or overall self-interest-seeking behavior. Against this background, the MNC is conceptualized as a 'politicized forum' where subsidiary managers strategize initiatives upwards. Consequently, a micro-political process emerges from subsidiary managers' proactive activities. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role of micro-politics play in earning headquarters approval of subsidiary initiatives and how these actions may lead to increased subsidiary influence in the MNC. The empirical material consists of proprietary survey and interview data on MNC subsidiaries in Sweden. The primary respondents and informants have been top subsidiary managers, seen as the senior directors of the subsidiary and the MNCs' top representatives in the local environment. The empirical findings, triangulated through different methodological approaches, illustrate subsidiary initiatives as complex phenomenon. The study implies that headquarters' approval of subsidiary initiatives is contingent on several key managerial activities, as well as relational- and contextual conditions. Overall, the results lend support for the value of attracting headquarters' attention in order for initiatives to gain traction and eventually become accepted in the MNC. Attention to initiatives is captivated by the socio-political navigation of subsidiary managers, such as their engagement in initiative-selling. Establishing credibility at headquarters through attention-building activities may also result in increased subsidiary strategic influence. This thesis shows that initiatives that challenge the status quo of the MNC may initially be rejected, but are able to 'survive' due to a variety of micro-political behaviors of individual managers. Furthermore, the thesis also explicates different combinatory effects on the pathways to initiative acceptance. The thesis extends the subsidiary management literature by providing nuance to the theoretical understanding of key underlying mechanisms and their effects on subsidiary-focused outcomes. Establishing subsidiary managers as 'strategizers' and conceptualizing the subsidiary initiative process from a micro-political view contributes to the theoretical understanding of subsidiary initiatives in the MNC by complementing traditional evolutionary perspectives.

Based on the analysis of a significant array of historical facts, normative legal acts and legal positions of domestic and foreign scientists, the article assesses the Nuremberg Principles in the Tokyo and Khabarovsk process of Japanese war criminals. It is confirmed that it was within the framework of the Khabarovsk process that Soviet prosecutors and investigators first established and investigated indisputable evidence of the criminal activities of Japanese militarists, sanctioned by the emperor, for the development and use of weapons of mass destruction (bacteriological weapons) during the battles on Khalkhin-Gol, as well as during the war of Japan against China. For the first time, the facts of conducting deadly medical experiments on prisoners of war, whose victims were thousands of people, are presented. The article shows the illegal position of the American military leadership, which was expressed in countering justice, harboring war criminals in exchange for the results of their monstrous research. The results of the Khabarovsk process, which served as the basis for the adoption of international legal documents on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin, as well as chemical weapons and on their destruction, are studied. It is demonstrated that the principles formulated in the Nuremberg Code have become the basis for many international and national legislative acts in the field of conducting medical research on humans. Their implementation into the legal system of the Russian Federation and subsequent development in the current legislation are traced.

Based on the analysis of a significant array of historical facts, normative legal acts and legal positions of domestic and foreign scientists, the article presents a legal assessment of the recognition of genocide as a crime committed against the peoples of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. The legal bases of countering attempts to re-evaluate events and revise the results of the Second World War are investigated. Special attention is paid to the importance of the Russian constitutional guarantees provided by the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 for the protection of historical truth. The confirmation by the Russian courts of the fact that the German-fascist invaders committed war crimes and crimes of genocide, the investigation by the Investigative Committee of Russia of criminal cases about these crimes, is considered in the context of the inevitability of responsibility as one of the central principles of law. The article substantiates Russia's strict commitment to the results of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal in the legal consolidation of the facts of genocide against Soviet citizens and notes the need to implement the constitutional obligation of the Russian state to honor the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland, to ensure the historical sovereignty of the country by legal means, not to allow the significance of the feat of the Soviet people in the defense of the Motherland to be diminished.

The article deals with the actual problems of the development of modern society. Based on the analysis and understanding of sociological works on this subject, an attempt was made to reveal the mechanism for choosing the future and the place of culture in this process. The consumer society that dominates the world today is often viewed as the only possible perspective of modern civilization, and its ideals and values ​​are presented as a role model. It is assumed that the value attitudes of such a society have a number of advantages over the values ​​of other social and cultural types of organization of public life and open up unlimited opportunities for economic development for those regions that accept them. However, the problems that arise in the course of their implementation are becoming more and more obvious. The question is, if these problems are transient difficulties in the movement of the consumer society towards triumph on a worldwide scale, or if they testify to its historical limitations and to the far from unconditional universality of its value orientations. The answer to this question is especially important for the societies where this type of organization of socio-economic and cultural life is not historically organic, and other development prospects are possible.

The future is multivariate, but limited by the framework of the previous development of the system and its current state. Social sciences, humanities are lagging behind in comprehending rapid and global changes. It is promising to study the changes taking place in various spheres of modern culture, where new meanings and values ​​of life are emerging, providing a new type of civilizational development. The article examines the classical approaches to the structure of sociality, including its new type, which can be called, according to E. Durkheim, "divine social". It is stated that in the XXI c. a new generation has grown up, that cannot be called lost, infantile, split. It adheres to its ideals, is focused on changes and wants to live in a world where its opinions are taken into account, where social justice is a priority. The author shows the importance of studying the mechanism and motives for choosing the new, the role of the clash of cultures in this process, the conflict of values, the emergence and rooting of new life meanings.

The article substantiates the theoretical foundations of the technology of forming a new progress ideal, reveals the role of culture and its potential in this process. The author justifies the existence and constant updating of the cultural code, its fundamental vital meanings and basic values, suggests the possibility of destructive changes when shifting the cultural status of basic values. The author considers of the article as the main conclusions, firstly, the mechanism of transition of society to a new state, where new types of sociality arise, fundamental life meanings and basic values are updated; secondly, the author shows that the formation of a new matrix of values and the renewal of life meanings is a condition for the transition to a new type of civilizational development, which is growing within modern society; thirdly, the revolution in the field of communication allows the transfer to the traditional cultural status of pseudocultural or extra-cultural values, thereby opening the way for the destruction of the foundations of culture.

The work of the Danish sociologist O. Bjerg is among the few in recent years, which discusses the issues related to what money is in the modern world, what are its essence and origin. The book's focus is on a philosophical approach to understanding the role of money in modern society and economy. The author of this book believes that mainstream economists have not yet been able to offer a universal theory of money, and that it is necessary to use other methodological approaches to determine what money is. In his book, Bjerg aims to formulate an original philosophical theory of money, with which he proposes to solve numerous problems of monetary theory with the help of philosophical concepts and categories. The book has a huge creative potential, motivating researchers to use the philosophical approach proposed by the author for the knowledge of money as an economic phenomenon.