Suchergebnisse

Review essay of S. Owens "Knowledge, Policy and Expertise: The UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 1970-2011" (OUP 2015). Owen's book is an account of the history of the Royal Commission of Environmental Pollution (RCEP) from its creation in 1970 to its demise in 2011 as part of the Coalition government's 'Bonfire of the Quangos'.

The assessment of expertise is vital both in practical situations that call for expert judgment and in theoretical research on the psychology of experts. It can be difficult, however, to determine whether a judge is in fact performing expertly. Our goal was to develop an empirical measure of expert judgment. We argue that two necessary characteristics of expertise are discrimination of the various stimuli in the domain and consistent treatment of similar stimuli. We combine measures of these characteristics to form a ratio we call the Cochran-Weiss-Shanteau (CWS) index of expertise. The proposed index was demonstrated using two studies that distinguished experts from nonexperts based on their judgmental performance. The index provides new insights into expertise and offers a partial definition of expertise that may be useful in a variety of theoretical and applied settings. Potential applications of this research include selection, training, and evaluation of experts and of expert-machine systems.

The Disease of Expertise, is a poem composed by poet, playwright, musician and researcherTawona Sitholé. Within the poem,Sitholé challenges the contemporary constructs of modernity, knowledge, and knowledge production in the scope of globalized economies. Utilizing Covid-19 and the corresponding global pandemic as a backdrop into the inquiry of knowledge, and economic development Sitholé incorporates his own lived experience and local knowledge to highlight contemporary issues relating to globalization, structural inequities, and questions of knowledge within the Global South.

In recent political debates there has been a significant change in the valence of the word "experts" from a superlative to a near pejorative, typically accompanied by a recitation of experts' many failures and misdeeds. In topics as varied as Brexit, climate change and vaccinations there is a palpable mistrust of experts and a tendency to dismiss their advice. Are we witnessing, therefore, the "death of expertise," or is the handwringing about an "assault on science" merely the hysterical reaction of threatened elites? In this new book, Gil Eyal argues that what needs to be explained is not a one-sided "mistrust of experts" but the two-headed pushmi-pullyu of unprecedented reliance on science and expertise, on the one hand, coupled with increased suspicion, skepticism and dismissal of scientific findings, expert opinion or even whole branches of investigation, on the other. The current mistrust of experts, Eyal argues, is best understood as one more spiral in an on-going, recursive crisis of legitimacy. The "scientization of politics," of which critics warned in the 1960s, has brought about a politicization of science, specifically of regulatory and policy science, and the two processes reinforce one another in an unstable, crisis-prone mixture. Eyal demonstrates that the strategies designed to respond to the crisis - from an increased emphasis on inclusion of laypeople and stakeholders in scientific research and regulatory decision-making to approaches seeking to generate trust by relying on objective procedures such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) - end up exacerbating the crisis, while undermining and contradicting one another.

There are higher courts in every country. The Courts perform many types of functions. The Courts protect the rights of citizens and decide the controversy between the Center and States. It maintains the federal and basic structures of the Constitution. But it is not possible without independent and meritorious judges. So, there is a mechanism for the appointment of such judges. The Indian Constitution also envisages a method of appointment of the Supreme Court and the High Courts' judges. But there is a conflict between the executive and the judiciary regarding the power of higher judges' appointments in India. Many judgments were delivered to settle this controversy. The Indian Parliament also enacted some statutes. But, even these could not solve the problem. The researchers, in the article, will discuss these controversies systematically. They will search the pros and cons of the 'collegium' and the National Judicial Appointment Commission. They will also suggest a suitable mechanism for appointing independent and competent judges in India.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- I. ALTERNATIVE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS -- 1. SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT COUNTERPARTS: THE POLITICAL, ETHICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP -- 2. COLONIAL ANTECEDENTS OF THE COUNTERPART SYSTEM IN BRITISH AND FRENCH AFRICA -- 3. DAMNED IF YOU DO--DAMNED IF YOU DON'T: COUNTERPARTS, NEOCOLONIALISM, DEPENDENCY AND THE INTERNATIONAL BALANCE OF POWER -- II. DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON THE EXCHANGE OF EXPERTISE IN THE COUNTERPART SYSTEM -- 4. RETHINKING THE CHANGE AGENT ROLE IN THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROCESS TO FACILITATE THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER -- 5. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN THE COUNTERPART SYSTEM: SOME VARIATIONS ON THE MODEL -- 6. THE CONTRIBUTION OF LEARNING PRINCIPLES TO THE COUNTERPART RELATIONSHIP -- 7. INCREASING SKILLS AND TECHNICAL INDEPENDENCE: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS -- III. CASES AND THE CONTEXT -- 8. INTERACTION BETWEEN FOREIGN ASSISTANCE PERSONNEL AND LOCAL COUNTERPARTS -- 9. EXPERTS AND COUNTERPARTS: A PROFESSIONAL PROBLEM -- 10. COUNTERPART TRAINING: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN EMERGENT SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES -- 11. CIVILIAN CONTROL, MILITARY "PROFESSIONALISM," AND THE EXPERT-COUNTERPART RELATIONSHIP: THEORY AND CASES FROM AFRICA -- IV. ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER -- 12. THE PROCESS OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND THE EXPERT-COUNTERPART RELATIONSHIP -- COUNTERPARTS AND ADVISORS--A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.