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VTT Technology 147 ; Algae are predicted to play an important role in tomorrow's bioeconomy. The technical goal of the project was to develop enhanced algal cultivation processes utilising waste flows and to increase the overall material and energy efficiency of algal processing for biodiesel and biogas production. The project produced new knowledge on the boundary conditions for cost efficient algal cultivation and productivity. The use of algae as a tertiary treatment of municipal waste water, such as the utilisation of waste water flows from biowaste handling, was assessed with positive results. Process concepts based both on CO2 uptake and (waste) organic carbon were assessed. In a Nordic climate the utilisation of spill heat is requisite and with restricted available daylight in the winter time, an alga's ability to shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic growth provides a potential strategy for algal cultivation in Nordic circumstances. The fractionation of algal residuals for biopolymers is a new research area with potential long term impact in the bioeconomy sector. Cost efficient Integrated production concepts still need to be developed, as premises to successful business models. It is apparent that an economically viable algae-to-biodiesel commercialization will initially depend on government subsidies and the future price of oil, in addition to optimized biomass yields. However, algae to biofuels is globally a topical sector with a high interest from several stakeholders. The markets are likewise global. From the biofuel point of view, air traffic is particularly interesting, as this sector will probably need to rely on liquid fuel still during the next decade. ; Algae are predicted to play an important role in tomorrow's bioeconomy. The technical goal of the project was to develop enhanced algal cultivation processes utilising waste flows and to increase the overall material and energy efficiency of algal processing for biodiesel and biogas production. The project produced new knowledge on the boundary conditions for cost efficient algal cultivation and productivity. The use of algae as a tertiary treatment of municipal waste water, such as the utilisation of waste water flows from biowaste handling, was assessed with positive results. Process concepts based both on CO2 uptake and (waste) organic carbon were assessed. In a Nordic climate the utilisation of spill heat is requisite and with restricted available daylight in the winter time, an alga's ability to shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic growth provides a potential strategy for algal cultivation in Nordic circumstances. The fractionation of algal residuals for biopolymers is a new research area with potential long term impact in the bioeconomy sector. Cost efficient Integrated production concepts still need to be developed, as premises to successful business models. It is apparent that an economically viable algae-to-biodiesel commercialization will initially depend on government subsidies and the future price of oil, in addition to optimized biomass yields. However, algae to biofuels is globally a topical sector with a high interest from several stakeholders. The markets are likewise global. From the biofuel point of view, air traffic is particularly interesting, as this sector will probably need to rely on liquid fuel still during the next decade.

End-of-waste has been promoted as a potential game changer in the circular economy. But the implementation of end-of-waste has largely failed in the European Union, as it has proven difficult to agree on joint criteria. The issue has therefore been decentralized, typically all the way to local authorities, which lacks capacity to determine when waste shall cease to be waste. For the few waste types that have been given product status, the positive effects are uncertain since end-of-waste only includes waste that is already circulated. Therefore, we should shift our interest towards the unknown space between waste and products. The interpretation of this space is open for discussion, but can be opened up by policy instruments such as standards, certificate and agreements, which makes the classification of the material redundant. ; QC 20200120

Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Food Waste in the Sustainable Development Framework -- 1.1 The Triple Bottom Line: "People, Planet, and Profit" -- 1.2 Decoupling of Production from Fossil Feedstock and the Breakthrough of Renewable Resources -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Food Processing Industries, Food Waste Classification and Handling, Target Compounds -- 2.1 Fruits and Vegetables -- 2.1.1 Apple -- 2.1.2 Berries -- 2.1.3 Citrus Fruits -- 2.1.4 Exotic Fruits -- 2.1.5 Tomatoes -- 2.1.6 Pulses -- 2.2 Winemaking Industries -- 2.2.1 Winery By-Product for the Food Industry -- 2.2.2 Winery By-Product for Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Industry -- 2.2.3 Winery By-Product for the Environment, Agriculture, and Animal Feeding -- 2.2.4 Winery By-Product as Biorefinery Feedstock -- 2.3 Cereals and Tubers -- 2.3.1 Soft and Durum Wheat Processing -- 2.3.2 ByProducts from Rice Processing (Oryza sativa L.) -- 2.3.3 Potatoes -- 2.4 Breweries -- 2.5 Olive Oil and Edible Oil Industry -- 2.6 Meat Products -- 2.7 Fishery -- 2.8 Dairy Products -- 2.9 Kitchen Waste -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Current State of Art of the Usual Food Waste Valorization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Waste Hierarchy Applied to Biomass Residual and Food Wastes -- 3.3 Food Wastes for Animal Feed -- 3.4 Composting for Biofertilizers -- 3.5 Biofuels: First, Second and Third Generation -- 3.5.1 Biofuels Production and Technology Overview -- 3.5.2 Biodiesel (FAME/FAEE) by UCOs - Used Cooking Oil -- 3.5.3 Bioethanol by Fermentation of Carbohydrates -- 3.5.4 Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass Residues and Food Wastes -- 3.6 Technology Progress for Advanced Biofuels -- Bibliography -- Part II: Innovative Food Waste Upcycling -- Chapter 4: Biocascading: General Strategy for the Recovery of Valuable Substances from Food Waste -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chemical Methods.