Selections from documents evaluating attempts to establish a modern enterprise system within a state-controlled economy, since the late 1950s, and on the composition, proficiency, and working and living conditions of workers, as of 1982. Based on selections from "Reform in large-scale and medium-size enterprises," by Wu Jinglian and on research materials of the CCP secretariat and the All-China Federation of Labor.
In 21st century Britain, what does it mean to be working class? This book asks 24 working class writers to examine the issue as it relates to them. Examining representation, literature, sexuality, gender, art, employment, poverty, childhood, culture and politics, this book is a broad and first hand account of what it means to be drawn from the bottom of Britain's archaic, but persistent, class structure. --
"This book adopts a new perspective on the transformation of social inequality by analyzing how it is experienced by individuals. Based on qualitative research among industrial workers and local experts in a region that has undergone deindustrialisation and transformation to a service-based economy, the author examines the loss of status among former manual labourers. Focus lies on their emotional experiences, nostalgic memories and attachments to their former places of work, to transformed neighborhoods, as well as to public space. Against this background the book explores the continued importance of class identity as workers attempt to manage the declining recognition of their skills and a loss of power in an "established-outsider figuration". A study of the transformation of everyday life and social positions wrought by changes in the social structure, in urban landscapes, and in the "structures of feeling", this examination of the dynamic of social identity will appeal to scholars of sociology, anthropology and geography with interests in post-industrial societies, social inequality, class and social identity"--
Dans cette communication sur les origines de classe et diverses formes de résistance chez les élèves des écoles secondaires en Ontario, l'auteur met en doute la tendance chez de nombreux chercheurs à généraliser certaines méthodes qui les font conclure que l'origine de classe est un des principaux facteurs déterminants de la participation aux sous‐cultures 'anti‐école'. Alors que ces chercheurs donnent à entendre que les taux de participation sont proportionnels aux différences entre classes sur le plan de la réussite scolaire, l'auteur applique diverses mesures de la résistance à un important échantillon d'éleves sans trouver de rapport de proportionnalité entre les résultats scolaires et la resistance selon la classe sociale. La presentation des données s'accompagne d'une analyse des facteurs structured et culturels qui pourraient contribuer à obscurcir les liens entre les origines de classe et la résistance chez les éliéves ontariens.
This research explores the working conditions of social workers around the globe, using a mixed-methods approach. A survey of working conditions and wellbeing was distributed to social workers via email and social media. Results subsequently informed the interview schedule for individual semi-structured interviews with social work leaders from across the world. Results confirm that social workers have among the most difficult working conditions of all equivalent professions, with detrimental effects on services for individuals and communities due to burnout and retention. Suggested solutions include legal recognition of the social work profession, improved management support and better pay and conditions.
Summary UK social workers are exposed to chronically poor working conditions and experience extremely high levels of sickness absence. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of working conditions and wellbeing of social workers. Seven UK social work employers sent a survey of working conditions, wellbeing, and turnover intentions to all child and family social workers, followed by a series of individual semi-structured interviews with respondents. Data were collected between January and May 2019. Six hundred and seventy-six (41% response rate) completed surveys were returned and 19 interviews undertaken. Findings Quantitative findings demonstrated that working conditions scored better than previous studies, with positive scores on autonomy, peer, and managerial support. However, the four remaining conditions (demands, relationships, role, and change) each scored worse than 75–90% of respondents in UK-wide benchmarks of individuals from various occupations. Regression outcomes demonstrated that demands, control, change, relationships, and peer support each significantly impacted employee wellbeing. Furthermore, over 20% of respondents suggested that they were frequently exposed to poor service user behaviour. Thematic analysis of interviews suggested that workload (demands), relationships with peers, management, and services users, and the way in which change was communicated were the main difficulties cited. Applications It is clear that work is needed to support social worker stress and wellbeing at work. Management should support individuals in terms of developing peer and managerial support, and adopting best practice in reflective supervision. Furthermore, a more robust system of caseload allocation would support and improve significant workload pressures.
Everybody imagines he knows about working conditions in Victorian England, particularly the excessively long hours resulting from the use of machinery to which the workers became increasingly enslaved. In the famous words of James Philip Kay, "Whilst the engine runs the people must work – men, women and children are yoked together with iron and steam. The animal machine – breakable in the best case, subject to a thousand sources of suffering – is chained to the iron machine, which knows no suffering and no weariness." It is equally well-known that the worst aspect of employment was the exploitation of women and small children in textile factories and mines. Factory conditions were causing disquiet as early as the 1780's, and the revelations of the witnesses before a succession of committees and commissions in the early part of the nineteenth century are too familiar to need repeating here. The same may be said of conditions in the mines. Who has not been moved by that description of girls at work in the mines of the West Riding – "Chained, belted, harnessed, like dogs in a go-cart, black, saturated with wet, and more than half naked […] they present an appearance indescribably disgusting and unnatural"? Yet it is also common knowledge that factory and mine workers were only a minority among the working classes at the mid-century, numbering about 1¾ millions compared with the 5½ millions employed in non-mechanised industry. Agriculture and domestic service, in fact, employed twice the number of those working in manufacture and mining at this time.
