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The theme of the thesis is the identity politics of the Sami movement in Finland between 1945-1990. The focus is on developments in the representational strategies of the Sami elite, which evolved from threatened Sami culture via modernising Sami to the most obvious loan from the Indigenous Peoples' Movement, the "natural people" imagery. The political space underwent profound changes in the 1970s. The Sami elite found themselves in the institutionalised political space after the establishment of the Sami Delegation, the first of the Sami Parliaments in Nordic countries in 1973. A longer process of internationalisation, participation in the global Indigenous Peoples' movement, resulted, among other things, to an internal division within the Sami identity politics, as the institutionalised Sami movement chose to concentrate on judicial reasoning, while the "Independents" could use more radical "ecologized" representational strategies. Neither of these strategies was legitimised in the minority politics of Finland. The land rights claims were sometimes ignored as encroachments to the formal equality provided by the Finnish society and the ecological reputation of the Sami under new hegemonic alternative discourse of environmentalism deteriorated fast. The use of the global rights discourse proved to be problematic in the Finnish political context. The possibility to "guilt-trip" the national bodies was stunted by the institutionalisation, which enclosed the Sami activity to the national political frame, in its required political culture and rendered parts of the global indigenous imagery useless. The Sami in Finland can only point out to restricted successes in "soft" issues, not in those of their interests, i.e. the land rights.

The topic of this article is Väinö Tanner's views on Sami policies, which are searched from numerous contexts, including his personal career and Nordic Sami policies. Also the discur-sive resources, which he re-produced, are charted. Of the contemporaneous Sami policies, he ad-vocated the Swedish variant, which suited better his agendas in his scholarly production on the Skolt Sami. The origin of the choice can be located in a longer professional contact with Swedish experts on the Sami and the expert-role provided by the Swedish discourses of the Sami. The anti-Finnish agendas in his scholarly production and the consequent wish to lift the Sami in the timely hierarchies turned the more aggressive Norwegian rhetoric on the Sami as unusable. In addition, he showed signs of a cultural sensitivity, which turned him suspicious of assimilative policies.

Source at https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2221-2698.2018.31.109 . ; Освещение различных вопросов, связанных с российско-норвежскими отношениями, традиционно является важным для жителей обоих государств. Возможности представить новые документы и материалы, обсудить значимость многовековых добрососедских связей между Россией и Норвегией, особенно на Севере, предоставляются нечасто. И вот в конце апреля 2018 г. состоялись масштабные научные мероприятия в Никеле и в Мурманске, посвящённые именно этой теме. Так, в течение 3 дней в Никеле проходил научно-практический семинар «Россия, Норвегия и их Севера. Исторические взаимоотношения», а затем в Мурманске — международная конференция «Соседи на Крайнем Севере: исторические связи России и Норвегии». Одним из поводов проведения научных дискуссий стало представление впервые написанной совместно норвежскими и российскими учё-ыми в результате многолетнего мега-проекта в области истории (2008–2016) коллективной монографии «Сближение: Россия и Норвегия в 1814–1917 годах» (ред. Й.П. Нильсен). Книга была издана на русском языке в Москве в ноябре 2017 г. после трёхлетней работы над ней. Она стала переводом монографии, дополненной документами и фотоматериалами, об истории российско-норвежских отношений в XIX — начале XX в., которая первоначально вышла на норвежском языке в Осло (Pax Forlag AS) под названием «Russland kommer nærmere» в 2014 г. ; English abstract The coverage of various issues related to the Russian-Norwegian relations has always been important for the residents of both countries. Opportunities to present new documents and materials, to discuss the importance of centuries-old good neighborly relations between Russia and Norway, especially in the North, are not provided often. At the end of April 2018, large-scale scholarly events, devoted specifically to this topic, took place in Nikel and Murmansk. So, a scientific-practical seminar "Russia, Norway and the North. Historical relations" was held in Nikel on April 25 and on the next day in Murmansk the international conference "Neighbors in the Far North: historical ties between Russia and Norway" took place. One of the reasons for these measures was the presentation of the collective monograph "Getting closer: Russia and Norway 1814–1917". The book was written jointly by Norwegian and Russian historians within the framework of a long-lasting historical megaproject (2008–2015) (led by J.P. Nielsen, AHR, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway). In November 2017 the book was published in Russian in Moscow by the "Ves' Mir" publishing house after three years of preparation. It is the translation of a monograph, richly illustrated, about the history of Russian-Norwegian relations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, originally published in Norwegian by the Pax Forlag AS, Oslo under the title "Russland kommer nærmere" in 2014.

Master's thesis in History didactics ; The main objective of this thesis is to investigate if Adolf Hitler used a populist style in his campaign for power during in the Weimar Republic. A contemporary understanding of populism has been used in this investigation. The thesis provides a review of recent scholarly literature on populism which is used as a reference in the investigation of Hitler and his agitation for the Nazi party. The basis for the investigation of Hitler is his book Mein Kampf and excerpts from some of his speeches. Excerpts from the leftist weekly magazine Die Weltbühne that was issued during the Weimar period has been used to provide some insight into how Hitler and the Nazis were viewed at the time. Some historical background for the events during the Weimar Republic is provided. The conclusion of this main objective of the thesis is that Hitler used a populist style to gain power in 1933. The secondary objective of the thesis is to provide a description of how populism has been expressed in the USA during the first three years of Donald Trump's presidency. The scholarly literature on populism is used to explain some background for Trump's populist behaviour. Opinions from the liberal press, mainly The New York Times and The Washington Post and also from recent books on Trump's presidency are used to illustrate the situation. Populism thrives in the tension which exists in a democracy between popular sovereignty and liberal democracy with its emphasis on human rights, individual liberties, a political discourse based upon expertise and facts and the rule of law. A third objective of the thesis is to provide some comments on how populist leadership has challenged liberal democracy, as exemplified by the presidency of Donald Trump and Adolf Hitler's assumption of power as Reichskanzler in the Weimar Republic. ; updatedVersion

This article studies the ways in which Norwegian fishery history can be explored through games. Using the 1989 closure of the Norwegian coastal cod commons as a case study, issues related to historical thinking and game studies are discussed. The main focus is on understanding history through serious games, but theoretical considerations for presenting the case in any game format are discussed. The case involves a historical resource crisis, and the article traces how a serious game can frame counterfactual imagination for questioning the institutional politics of resource management as well as for producing historical empathy with stakeholders in resource crises.

Sovereignty acquired by occupation entails "recognize[d] title based on discovery," "a reasonable period [of] … effective occupation of the region claimed to be discovered" and "the continuous and peaceful display of State authority." Only terra nullius is subject to occupation. A territory inhabited by indigenous groups that sustain social and political organization may impede an occupying power because the terra nullius requirement fails. While sovereignty over thinly populated areas are often lax, case law requires less public involvement in these sparsely inhabited areas. This study reveals that the Dano-Norwegian Kings regarded the Inuit as "our subjects." The Kings' pretention of absolutum dominium and jurisdiction involved both the Norse and Inuit ethnic groups and "bygð ok ubygð" (settled and unsettled) land. The exodus of the Norse peoples in 1450 AD for 200 years did not undermine the acquired sovereignty of the Dano-Norwegian Crown, which as a result, spoiled the 1931 Norwegian pretentions to legally occupy East-Greenland. Denmark's triumph in the 1933-East Greenland case resulted from a "zero-sum principle." More than a 100 years earlier, the Danish Kingdom lost a succession of countries and dependencies. The 1814 Kiel Treaty transferred mainland Norway to Sweden, but explicitly states that none of the ancient Norwegian dependencies, Greenland, Iceland and Faroe Islands would follow suit. Thus, these territories remained part of the Kingdom of Denmark.

Accepted manuscript version. Published version available in South African Journal of Philosophy, 2017;36(2):223-238 ; Hannah Arendt's writings concerning individual responsibility create an important – and under-examined – context for reading J. M. Coetzee's oeuvre, particularly his novel Waiting for the Barbarians. For Arendt, when a society fails to offer ethical codes of conduct to follow, people should determine those codes by themselves, since morality concerns people in their individuality during totalitarian times. Arendt's ideas bear important similarities to Coetzee's representation of the magistrate in the novel, as this character struggles to live with his conscience in a totalitarian regime. In Arendt's world, introspection is only needed when the world around us fails to guarantee moral laws, and even then one should not focus on oneself only, but instead try to focus on the world around us. Coetzee, however, shows through the character of the magistrate how this internal dialogue easily becomes torturous in its nature. If political action is the most important aspect of Arendt's thinking, then Coetzee shows through the character of the magistrate how modern, conscientious humans cannot just act politically; instead, their action is always marked by their personal weaknesses, including their feelings of inadequacy. Nevertheless, even if Arendt emphasises political action more than Coetzee, who shows that such action is necessarily marked by individual doubt, self-questioning and other personal inadequacies, the reliance on radical thinking, which is at odds with conformism, is a concern they share.

Master in International Social Welfare and Health Policy ; Education in Cuba has been known as one of the major accomplishments of the revolution. Before it, education was unavailable to over half of Cuban children. Nowadays compulsory education through the ninth grade exists in Cuba. The literacy levels in more than half of the countries of the world are far below of that of Cuba. This even though the Cuban economy long has been hampered by the policies of the United States and its allies. What Cubans accomplished in education since overthrowing the Batista regime in the late 1950s has been exceptional and it has shown to the international community what can be accomplished even though economic growth in the island does not stand for similar results. This is perhaps a potential solution for the so-called countries of the third world, but we should take in consideration the challenges that can rise when economic growth does not accompany the need for developing such a policy. The prestige of Cuba´s education policy comes first and foremost from its focus on inclusion and equality of opportunities. Less known is its focus on political and ideological conformity. The Cuban revolution was not only a political change for Cubans but also a totally new beginning in other fields of society such as economy, labor market, health care, and social structure among other things. One of the elements that would take a dramatic turn over would be the relationship with outside world. However, the Cuban educational system as well as the health system has had difficult times in the past decades due to deepening economic crises and increasing exposure to globalization. At this point it is important in this paper to take a closer look at the development of Cuban the educational policy in that process. This paper aims to examine and to compare different findings by two researchers who investigate educational policies and schooling practices in Cuba. In addition, I add what I define as experiential knowledge, which is my own experience as a product of the Cuban revolution and as a witness face to face to the different transformations the educational policy has had. At the same time we wish to bring up to light the current situation of Cubans and how the education policy initially designed by the Cuban government to produce a certain kind of person – the new socialist man and woman - is been exposed to forces of deterioration, giving arise to a negative development in the field of social values, creating an even bigger gap between social classes.

Accepted manuscript version. Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412016638603 ; The present article brings game studies into dialogue with cultural memory studies and argues for the significance of computer games for historical discourse and memory politics. Drawing upon the works of Robert Rosenstone and Astrid Erll, we develop concepts and theories from film studies and adapt them to respond to the media specificity of computer games. Through a critical reading of the first chapter of the history-based first-person shooter Call of Duty: Black Ops , the article demonstrates how the game's formal properties frame in-game experiences and performances, and this way predisposes the emergence of certain memory-making potentials in and through constrained practices of play. Subsequently, an analysis of the serious game Czechoslovakia 38-89: Assassination shows the potentials of game design to facilitate meta-historical reflections and critical inquiries.

Geoarchaeological studies have benefits from new technological developments in remote-sensing technologies that have become an integral and important part of the archeological researches. In particular, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is one of the most successful emerging techniques in high-resolution topography (HRT) and provides exceptionally fast, low-cost, and easy three-dimensional (3D) survey for geoscience applications. In this chapter, we present an example of SfM application for geoarchaeology. The purpose is to realize HRT digital terrain models (DTMs) of an area of prehistoric agricultural terracing together with a geoarchaeological excavation trench in the Ingram Valley, Northumberland National Park, NE England. The study area is one of the six pilot case studies of TerrACE archeological research project (ERC-2017-ADG: 787790, 2018–2023; https://www.terrace.no/ ), a 5-year European Research Council grant funded by the European Union. An integrated approach utilizing ground-based and UAV (nadir and oblique) images was used to preserve fine-grained topographic detail and permit the accurate survey of highly vegetated areas and steep or subvertical surfaces (e.g., vertical walls of terraces), while also allowing for the capture of large spatial datasets. The SfM-DTM provided an accurate and high level of detail of the terrace landscape, the archeological features, and the soil and sediment stratigraphy along the excavation trench. An additional terrace was identified that had not been recognized before due to the HRT study bringing out a level of detail that had not been previously observable in this area. The SfM 3D outputs allowed the extraction of profiles, sections, scaled plans, and orthomosaics of the terrace complex and the excavation trench, simplifying and speeding the archeologist's field and laboratory work. SfM has shown it to be a rapid, cost effective, and highly accurate technique for surveying archeological sites at both a landscape and localized scale and adding new and more accurate information in nationally important landscapes and beyond.

Habermas' 'ethics of citizenship' raises a number of relevant concerns about the dangers of a secularistic exclusion of religious contributions to public deliberation, on the one hand, and the dangers of religious conflict and sectarianism in politics, on the other. Agreeing largely with these concerns, the paper identities four problems with Habermas' approach, and attempts to overcome them: (a) the full exclusion of religious reasons from parliamentary debate; (b) the full inclusion of religious reasons in the informal public sphere; (c) the philosophical distinction between secular and religious reasons; and (d) the sociological distinction between 'Western' and 'non-Western' religions. The result is a revised version of the ethics of citizenship, which I call moderate inclusivism. Most notably, moderate inclusivism implies a replacement of Habermas' 'institutional translation proviso' with a more flexible 'conversational translation proviso'.

Master's thesis religion REL500 - University of Agder 2019 ; When the show first appeared in the `90sI saw The X-filespurely as entertainment. Having recently reexaminedthe series with a more scholarly approach new perspectives have come to light.My research question has been this: TherearedifferentaspectsofevilinTheX-Files.WhatcharacterizesthedifferentfacesofevilinTheX-FilesanalyzedintermsofthephilosophyofevilbyHannahArendt,LarsFredrikSvendsen,JohnKekesandZygmuntBauman?By applying four different typologies of evil,multiple drives behind various evil acts stand out. By applying theory in combination with applied ethics is has been possible to raise specific philosophical question in relation the evil. Is the state evil? Is Mulder evil? Is the Cancer Man evil? And what kind of evil do they represent? Evil, is a controversial term to apply. It can be misused as in propaganda in the unethical labelling of an enemy. However, does this not supportthe claim that man has an inherent fascination with evil? It clearly does. Evilis an enduring, never-ending problem for Mankind. Arguably, John Kekes givesone of the most comprehensive definitions of evil. He observes that evil is: «Serious (motivated)harm that causes fatal or lasting physical injury, as do murder, torture and mutilation. It could also be nonphysical such as loss of love and honor. In addition,destroying happiness. But also a desire to create harm and take a delight in causing it(Kekes 2005:1-3).As mostdefinitions, it has its weaknesses. In this case, it ignores the point that evil is more than motivational acts. People also act without thinking. Still, to me, it was the best definition because it recognizes the fact that evil is not just about «stealing some pears» (Augustin). Evil is morally wrong, sinful and wicked acts. My research is a modest contributionto the ethical and philosophical debate about evil. Movies and TV-shows are more than entertainment. They provide us withcultural references. We should not underestimate the power of movies as a source of information about evil. As shown in the analysischapters 7to 9, The X-filesis a TV-show that contains a substantial amount of ethical debates in relation to evil. Themes like governmental lies and withholding of information, terrorism, cloning, unethical science, evil banality, evil enjoyment, and dangerous idealism are all vital parts of the show's storyline.

Source at https://njes-journal.com/ ; This essay arose from a debate held at the 2018 American Studies Association of Norway (ASANOR) about the value of teaching American Literature and Culture survey courses at Norwegian universities. My role, as ASANOR's president, was to facilitate the debate and offer a response. In the extended version of that response published here, I accept the critique of national survey courses as tending toward exceptionalism and nationalist interpretations of transnational political and aesthetic flows, but in the end advocate for American survey courses. I shift the focus from whether these courses should be taught to how. Taking up Walt Whitman's description of America as 'essentially the greatest poem', I propose that survey classes can 'read' that poem in a way that acknowledges America's complexity and the woeful inconsistencies between its history and its national ideal, while still finding beauty and value in that ideal. The first half of the paper historicizes the American literature survey in Norway in reference to international and national developments in the field of American Studies. The second half elaborates ways of teaching American Literature surveys that foreground students' and professors' 'horizons of expectation' for American literature and culture, assessing which of those come from American literary and cultural documents and which come from the uses to which the idea of America is put in the lives we live here and now.

Master's thesis Music Management MU501 - University of Agder 2019 ; This study seeks to discover the present state of protection given to intangible cultural heritageand traditional knowledge. By looking at the past and present work UNESCO and WIPO, and other related works, the research showcase the process of rising intangible cultural heritage up on the international legislative agenda alongside tangible aspects. Furthermore, the study takesa close look on international legal instruments concerned with both safeguarding and preservation, and with questions concerned with intellectual property. By comparing different legal texts, terminologiesand definitions the research uncoversboth differences and similarities between the works of UNESCO and WIPO. The study presents thesituation of protection ofintangible and traditionalheritage within the scope of the intellectual property systemand concludes that while some aspects and manifestations may be protected, the totality is lacking. However, in case of safeguarding the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritageprovides a basis that has had a broad appeal throughout the world.

Background. Despite common recognition of joint responsibility for global health by all countries particularly to ensure justice in global health, current discussions of countries' obligations for global health largely ignore obligations of developing countries. This is especially the case with regards to obligations relating to health financing. Bearing in mind that it is not possible to achieve justice in global health without achieving equity in health financing at both domestic and global levels, our aim is to show how fulfilling the obligation we propose will make it easy to achieve equity in health financing at both domestic and international levels. Discussion. Achieving equity in global health financing is a crucial step towards achieving justice in global health. Our general view is that current discussions on global health equity largely ignore obligations of Low Income Country (LIC) governments and we recommend that these obligations should be mainstreamed in current discussions. While we recognise that various obligations need to be fulfilled in order to ultimately achieve justice in global health, for lack of space we prioritise obligations for health financing. Basing on the evidence that in most LICs health is not given priority in annual budget allocations, we propose that LIC governments should bear an obligation to allocate a certain minimum percent of their annual domestic budget resources to health, while they await external resources to supplement domestic ones. We recommend and demonstrate a mechanism for coordinating this obligation so that if the resulting obligations are fulfilled by both LIC and HIC governments it will be easy to achieve equity in global health financing. Summary. Although achieving justice in global health will depend on fulfilment of different categories of obligations, ensuring inter- and intra-country equity in health financing is pivotal. This can be achieved by requiring all LIC governments to allocate a certain optimal per cent of their domestic budget resources to health while they await external resources to top up in order to cover the whole cost of the minimum health opportunities for LIC citizens. ; publishedVersion