Suchergebnisse

Tese de Doutoramento em Quaternário, Materias e Culturas ; Os sítios culturais designados como Património Mundial estão entre as principais atrações turísticas do mundo. O uso do Patrimônio Mundial pelos visitantes gera tensões às organizações do património, sobre as suas possibilidades de proteção e apresentação dos valores universais excecionais pelos quais um sítio foi inscrito na Lista do Património Mundial. O reconhecimento dos desafios locais do património mundial tem forçado uma avaliação da sua gestão e o seu reconhecimento para uma melhor compreensão do seu estado e da eficácia das suas estratégias de gestão. Além disso, a gestão destes sítios é crucial, pois eles têm uma base económica no turismo e têm uma função académica na salvaguarda da base de dados do património. Como a maioria dos países africanos, a Namíbia reconheceu a importância de gerir de forma sustentável os seus recursos de património cultural para garantir a sua transmissão às gerações futuras. Ao mesmo tempo que a noção de sustentabilidade constitui uma parte vital do processo de decisão para qualquer projeto de património cultural, o equilíbrio entre as utilizações atuais e futuras do património cultural são muitas vezes complicadas por considerações políticas, sociais e económicas. A gestão do património cultural na Namíbia preocupou-se essencialmente com a pesquisa de sítios de arte rupestre e outros sítios arqueológicos e com a preservação desses sítios e outros monumentos através da legislação de património. Enquanto a pesquisa sobre o registro arqueológico da Namíbia tem sido fundamental para documentar o património arqueológico do País, essa investigação tem derramado muito pouca luz sobre as complexidades de gestão de sítios de património cultural. O estudo explora a gestão dos recursos de património cultural na Namíbia usando o Património Mundial de Twyfelfontein como um exemplo. O sítio foi inscrito na Lista do Património Mundial em 2007 pelo seu excecional património de arte rupestre. Com mais de duas mil imagens, o sítio tem a maior concentração de gravuras rupestres da África Austral. Twyfelfontein é um dos sítios de arte rupestre mais visitados na África Austral, com até 50 000 visitantes por ano, um número comparável aos dos visitantes da gruta de Niaux em França. A gestão do sítio é uma questão crucial , dado que não só tem que se adequar às diretrizes nacionais de gestão , mas também às orientações internacionais, como a Convenção do Património Mundial. Dado que muitos sítios do Património Mundial são vistos como modelos de excelência de gestão e plataformas de aprendizagem para gestores de outras áreas protegidas, e, portanto, percecionados como tendo uma gestão eficaz e eficiente, existe uma oportunidade significativa para Twyfelfontein impactar no estado de conservação de outras zonas culturais protegidas na Namíbia. O principal objetivo do estudo é analisar a abordagem à gestão de Twyfelfontein como um recurso de património cultural. Em particular, a tese tem como objetivo apresentar uma visão geral de como Twyfelfontein é gerido pelo Conselho de Património Nacional e os desafios enfrentados pela instituição na execução do seu mandato para uma melhor conservação e utilização do sítio. O estudo recomenda a avaliação de cinco processos de gestão, a saber: conservação, gestão de visitantes, interpretação e participação dos interessados e gestão da documentação. Estes cinco processos de gestão representam algumas das principais questões apresentadas por organizações internacionais como a UNESCO, mas também respondem a princípios sustentáveis de gestão de sítios do Património Mundial. Os cinco processos de gestão, juntamente com seus indicadores selecionados, foram avaliados de acordo com um conjunto de critérios. O domínio do património cultural é abundante em termos de literatura especializada, bem como de várias cartas e convenções, e é nesta base que os indicadores para a presente avaliação foram desenvolvidos. O estudo também é informado pelas opiniões de três profissionais do património e da comunidade local, através de uma série de entrevistas. Além disso, as opiniões dos guias turísticos locais e dos visitantes também foram recolhidas com recurso a dois questionários diferentes. O turismo de arte rupestre envolve uma herança altamente vulnerável de amplo interesse público, que só é sustentável dentro de um quadro de gestão eficaz. A análise revela que os desafios que se colocam à gestão do Património Mundial de Twyfelfontein são principalmente de ordem institucional. O Conselho Nacional do Patrimônio parece não ter critérios claros que orientem as suas decisões sobre a gestão do sítio e de outros locais de arte rupestre no País. A gestão do sítio é fraca, o que decorre de uma falha em reconhecer plenamente a importância do local para além do seu valor económico e da não introdução de novas práticas de gestão de património. A tese também revela que o património como um conceito por si só não é sustentável. O sítio tem de ser gerido como parte de um mais amplo complexo contexto cultural ambiental. O sucesso do sítio dependerá, em grande medida, do planeamento estratégico e de estruturas de gestão que promovam a investigação e o envolvimento das partes interessadas. ; Cultural heritage sites designated as World Heritage are amongst key tourism attractions in the world. Visitor use of World Heritage Sites has strained the capabilities of heritage organizations to protect and present the outstanding universal values for which a site was inscribed onto the World Heritage List. Recognition of the challenges facing World Heritage Sites has forced an assessment of their management and the recognition for better knowledge about their status and the effectiveness of their management strategies. In addition the management of these sites is crucial as they have an economic basis in tourism and have an academic function in safeguarding the heritage database. Like most African countries, Namibia has recognised the importance of sustainably managing its cultural heritage resources to ensure its transmission to future generations. While the notion of sustainability forms a vital part of decision making for any cultural heritage project, the balance between the present and future uses of cultural heritage sites are often complicated by political, social and economic considerations. Cultural heritage management in Namibia has primarily been concerned with research of rock art sites and other archaeological sites and the preservation of such sites and other monuments by means of heritage legislation. While the research on the archaeological record of Namibia has been instrumental in documenting the archaeological heritage of the country, such research has shed very little light on the complexities of managing cultural heritage sites. The study explores the management of cultural heritage resources in Namibia using Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site as an example. The site was inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2007 for its exceptional rock art heritage. With more than two thousand images, the site has the largest concentration of rock art engravings in southern Africa. Twyfelfontein is one of the most visited rock art sites in southern Africa with up to 50 000 visitors a year, a figure comparable to the Niaux Cave in France. The site's management is a crucial issue, as the site does not only have to confirm to national management guidelines but also international ones like the World Heritage Convention. Rock art tourism is a highly vulnerable heritage of broad public interest, only sustainable within an effective management framework. Given that many view World Heritage Sites as models of managerial excellence and learning platforms for managers of other protected areas, it is therefore assumed that if effectively and efficiently managed there is a significant opportunity for Twyfelfontein to impact the state of conservation of other cultural protected sites in Namibia. The main objective of the study is to analyze the approach to the management of Twyfelfontein as a cultural heritage resource. In particular the thesis aims to present an overview of how Twyfelfontein is managed by the National Heritage Council and the challenges faced by the institution in executing its mandate for better conservation and utilisation of the site. The study recommends the evaluation of five management processes namely: conservation, visitor management, interpretation, and stakeholder involvement and documentation management. These five management processes represent some of the main issues presented by international organizations such as UNESCO, but also because they respond to sustainable principles of managing World Heritage sites. The five management processes along with their selected indicators were evaluated according to a developed set of criteria. The field of cultural heritage is abundant of specialized literature as well as various charters and conventions, and it is on the basis of a number of these that the indicators for the present evaluation were developed. The study is also informed by the opinions of three heritage practitioners and the local community through a series of interviews. In addition to that, the opinions of the local tour guides and visitors were also sought after through a completion of two different questionnaires. The analysis reveals that the challenges facing the management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site is mainly an institutional problem. It appears that the National Heritage Council has no clear criteria guiding its decisions on the management of the site and other rock art sites in the country. Site management is weak which stems from a failure to fully recognise the significance of the site past its economic value and failure to introduce new heritage management practices. The thesis also reveals that heritage as a concept on its own is not sustainable. The site has to be managed as part of a larger complex cultural environmental context. The success of the site will depend to a great extent on strategic planning, management structures that promote research and stakeholder involvement.

Niche tourism : an introduction / Mike Robinson and Marina Novelli -- Photographic tourism : shooting the innocuous, making meaning of tourist photographic behaviour / Catherine Palmer and Jo-Anne Lester -- Geotourism : appreciating the deep time of landscapes / Thomas A. Hose -- Youth tourism : finally coming of age? / Greg Richards and Julie Wilson -- Dark tourism : the appealing "dark" side of tourism and more / Peter E. Tarlow -- Genealogy tourism : the Scottish market opportunities / Moira Birtwistle -- Gastronomic tourism : comparing food and wine tourism experiences / C. Michael Hall and Richard Mitchell -- Transport tourism : travelling through heritage and contemporary recreation / Derek Hall -- Tribal tourism "Cannibal Tours" : tribal tourism in hidden places / Peter M. Burns and Yana Figurova -- Cultural heritage tourism : being, not looking : beyond the tourism brochure of Greece / Eugenia Wickens -- Tourism in peripheral regions : discovering the hidden histories of Italy / Rosalina Grumo and Antoinetta Ivona -- Research tourism : professional travel for useful discoveries / Angela Benson -- Small ship cruising : from muddy rivers to blue lagoons / Ngaire Douglas and Norman Douglas -- Sport tourism : small-scale sport event tourism : the changing dynamics of the New Zealand Masters Games / Brent Ritchie -- Wildlife tourism : wildlife use vs local gain : trophy hunting in Namibia / Marina Novelli and Michael N. Humavindu -- Volunteer tourism : deconstructing volunteer activities within a dynamic environment / Michelle Callanan and Sarah Thomas -- Adventure tourism : hard decisions, soft options and home for tea : adventure on the hoof / Graham Shephard and Sarah Evans -- Space tourism : small steps, great leaps : space as the destination of the future / David T. Duval -- Virtual tourism : a niche in cultural heritage / David Arnold -- Ethical tourism : is its future in niche tourism? / Clare Weeden -- Niche tourism : a way forward to sustainability? / Marina Novelli and Angela Benson

It has been recognised in academic and policy debates that a poorly managed exchange rate can have a devastating effect on a country's economic growth rate. The current literature on the effect of real exchange rate misalignment on economic growth shows mixed and inconclusive results. The floating rate regime by South Africa to which Namibia's exchange rate is fixed, contributes to exchange fluctuations that Namibia experiences. As exchange rate is one of the fundamental factors that affect economic growth, this study aims to evaluate the effect of real exchange rate misalignment on the Namibian economic growth over the period from 1990 to 2018. The study employs Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate (ERER) Model and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models as quantitative research methods approach for estimating the equilibrium exchange rate and establishing the relationship between real exchange rate misalignment and Namibia's economic growth. The ERER model reveals that the Namibian currency was overvalued over the period under review. Furthermore, the ARDL results confirm that a significant relationship exists between real exchange rate misalignment and Namibia's economic growth. The study further shows that real exchange rate misalignment (overvaluation) negatively affects Namibia's growth domestic product (GDP). Consequently, consistent with current literature, the study supports the view that keeping the real exchange rate at levels close to its equilibrium level or slightly below its equilibrium level can promote economic growth in developing economies such as Namibia. The study, therefore, strongly recommends that the Namibian government should consider a currency undervaluation policy in order to promote economic activities and enhance Namibia's GDP. it is thus crucial for policymakers to effectively manage real exchange rate regularly and ensure that it does not widely deviate from its equilibrium value. The study also recommends that Namibia should diversify its products and ease the trade barriers so as to promote exports that would boost economic activities. ; Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics Development and Tourism, 2021

1. Situating Gender and Disability in Tourism Scholarship in Africa: An Introduction to Intersectional Perspectives -- Section I Policy Framework for Gender and Disability Transformative Tourism in Africa -- 2. Empowerment of Women with Disabilities in the Tourism Sector in Zimbabwe: A Review of Policies and Laws -- 3. Gender Equality and Disability Inclusion in Tourism Employment in Namibia -- 4. Gender and Disability Inclusion Challenges Within Community-Based Tourism in Africa -- Section II Researching Gender, Disability and Sustainable Tourism Development in Africa -- 5. Gender, Disability, and Social Identities in Tourism Research in Africa: Bibliometric Insights -- 6. Tourism and SDG 5: Reflections on the Nexus Between Gender and Disability in the Hospitality Industry -- 7. Towards Gender and Disability Inclusive Tourism Development in Zimbabwe: Insights Through Sustainable Development Goals -- Section III Questioning Inclusivity and Diversity in Tourism Development in Africa -- 8. The Queering of Spaces: A Critical Analysis of How Male Sex Work Is Shaped in the Tourism Industry in Botswana -- 9. COVID-19, Informal Tourism Businesses, and the Livelihoods of Women with Disabilities in a Destination with Challenges -- 10. Barriers to Women's Participation in Tourism Consumption in Anglophone Cameroon: An Intersectionality Perspective -- 11. COVID-19, Gender, Disability, and Experiences: Evidence from Marginalised Groups in Community-Based Ecotourism Projects -- 12. Understanding the Experiences of Athletes with Physical Disabilities to Inform Inclusive Sport Tourism Practices -- Section IV Media, Empowerment and Inclusive Tourism in Africa -- 13. Media Representation of PWDS and Tourism Development: Role of Ghanaian Media in Enhancing Inclusivity and Gender Equality -- 14. Disability, Marginalisation, and Inequality: An Appraisal of the Role of the Media in Promoting Inclusive and Sustainable Tourism for Persons with Disabilities -- 15. Role of Media in Creating Inclusive Gender and Disability Spaces in Tourism.

Using a survey of communal conservancies in Namibia, we find that they provide some direct economic benefits to conservancy members, but that indirect benefits promoting development for all residents have not materialized. This partially explains why a high level of discontent with community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) as a development strategy remains, which would need to be addressed with policies that promote a more equitable distribution of benefits from CBNRM. Advocates of CBNRM draw on theories of comparative advantage and collective action to argue that communal conservation efforts enhance the viability of nature tourism as a rural development strategy. We employ a mixed-methods approach to test to what extent CBNRM generates direct and indirect economic benefits, and if these benefits induce participation in communal conservation.

Tourism and Indigenous Peoples is a unique text examining the role of indigenous societies in tourism and how they interact within the tourism nexus. Unlike other publications, this text focuses on the active role that indigenous peoples take in the industry, and uses international case studies and experiences to provide a global context to illustrate best practice and aid comparison. First published over ten years ago the editors, Butler and Hinch, have thoroughly revised and updated the text to bring together a new collection of contributions and case studies from recognised international authors and those with first hand experiences in this area. Divided into five main sections, the text looks at this topic under the following headings: * Involvement: Uses case studies to discuss and compare such as 'campfire' programmes in east Africa, and the employment of indigenous peoples as guides, amongst other cases, * Turbulence: Host guest relationships, conflicts on communities and contrasting strategies and results of tourism in indigenous villages in South Africa * Issues: Discusses issues such as authenticity, religious beliefs and managing indigenous tourism in a fragile environment * Progress: Looks at tourism education, tourism and cultural survival and examples of the policy and practice of indigenous tourism. * Conclusions: Five contributions from indigenous people on North America, Australasia and Europe to discuss implications and experiences. Each section uses international case studies from, for example, Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, Namibia, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and South America. * Explores why and how indigenous people enter the global tourism nexus, concentrating on their involvement IN tourism rather than the impacts of tourism ON their societies. * Contains contributions and cases from around the world looking at different scales of involvement and success stories * Studies the complexity of the relationships between indigenous peoples and tourism with contributions from indigenous people in North America, Australasia and Europe relating their first hand experiences

ABSTRACTNeoliberal conservation schemes involving nature‐based tourism are implemented throughout the developing world to address rural poverty. Drawing on socio‐economic surveys and in‐depth interviews, this article uses the case of Uibasen Conservancy in Namibia to investigate social responses to neoliberal conservation. We find that people's aspirations for upward economic and social mobility lead them to participate in neoliberal conservation projects in an attempt to combine economic opportunities created by nature‐based tourism with traditional livelihood strategies. In this case, certain aspects of neoliberal conservation are perceived as a source of hope for non‐elites seeking to achieve economic self‐sufficiency and to ascend social hierarchies. We find that intra‐community power struggles dominate discourses of discontent and local‐level conflict which consequently masks the disruptive and anomic forces of the global tourism industry. We additionally provide insight into specific social contexts that may increase the allure of neoliberal conservation and explain why marginalized individuals may embrace some neoliberal logics despite — or, perhaps, because of — their disruptive tendencies.

Tourism is regarded as one of Namibia's key economic sectors that can diversify the economy and create employment, but due to the apartheid legacy the sector is highly dominated by the white minority. Current efforts to increase the share of indigenous ownership include Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Community-Based Tourism (CBT). This article analyses the challenges involved in promoting BEE and CBT through research material gathered in 16 Namibian tourism enterprises. The challenges are related to the prevailing inequality and racial prejudices in Namibia, and to the nature of tourism as an economic sector that requires special skills and experience. Adapted from the source document.

Presented at the 9th international wildlife ranching symposium: wildlife - the key to prosperity for rural communities, held on 12-16 September 2016 at Hotel Safari & the Safari Court, Windhoek, Namibia. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The first formal protected area in Africa was proclaimed in June 1894 in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR). This protected area was followed four years later by the forerunner of the Kruger National Park. In 1926 the second national park in Africa was proclaimed in the eastern Lowveld of South Africa, and named after Paul Kruger, a former president of the ZAR. In the following year a total of three cars visited the park, and by 1979 visitors had increased to 400,000 per annum. Visitor numbers doubled from 1956 to 1963, between 1963 and 1980, and from 1980 to 1995. In 2014 a total of 1.6 million visitors entered the national park. Of this figure, day visitors comprise77 percent of the total. Visitor facilities in the Kruger National Park currently comprise 4048 beds and 653 campsites in 25 rest camps, 805 kilometers of tarred roads and 1720 kilometers of gravel roads. Since 2002 a total of 334 beds in 17 concession lodges have been added. Visitor numbers are increasing at between 6 and 7 percent per annum, and will double within 11 to 12 years. During peak holiday periods, this equates to 2.5 overnight visitors per km of road, compared to 1.4 overnight visitors per kilometre for Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve. In the southern half of the Kruger Park, where 70 percent of accommodation is concentrated, densities increase to 2.97 overnight visitors per km of road. Given the rapid increase in accommodation in the past years, the question should be asked if this is sustainable. Will the Kruger Park be able to accommodate 3.2 million visitors by 2025 and 6.4million visitors by 2036?Can the national park continue absorbing increasing numbers of visitors and what will the environmental impact be of such an action? Can wildlife tourism be sustainable when human populations and economies continue to grow? If accommodation and roads cannot be extended indefinitely, what, then, are the alternatives? Are there too many visitors, or is the problem one of inadequate management of visitors? And what lessons can be learned from high-density tourism destinations in other parts of the world? Can government be expected to establish new protected areas and visitor facilities in countries where there are so many urgent socio-economic needs? And what role can private protected areas and game ranches play in meeting the growing demand for nature-based tourism? This paper examines these issues and proposes a course of action for the future.