Suchergebnisse

Review of: The Configuration of the Spanish Public Sphere: From the Enlightenment to the Indignados, David Jiménez Torres and Leticia Villamediana González (eds) (2019)
New York: Berghahn Books, 317 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78920-235-9, h/bk, ISBN 978-1-78920-236-6 (e-Book), $135.00 (£99.00)/$34.95

This article focuses on two aspects of the works of the leading Spanish economist of the second half of eighteenth century Tomás de Anzano which are concerned with the idea of 'facing otherness': the opposite interests of merchants and consumers and big landowners and agrarian workers on the one hand; and the impact of some foreign influences in Spanish economic thought on the other. The analysis is contextualized within the realm defined by Anzano's moralistic approach to subsistence goods markets related to the question of their liberalization which embodied scholastic concepts and was essentially influenced by Jacques Necker's doctrine. Consequently, it goes beyond economic issues and addresses social, cultural and political questions that are usually neglected by the analysis of the historians of political economy. Among other outcomes the article demonstrates how the British representative political system could be a desirable utopia to Spanish Enlightenment.

1. The missing century: the Enlightenment, the nation, and modern Spain -- 2. Predicting war and peace -- 3. Investing in the Luces -- 4. Revolts and returns: free trade and the fear of independence -- 5. The lever of the balance of power -- 6. Carthage's contractors: the ends of the Spanish empire.

A historical overview of revolutions in Latin America focuses on three aspects. (1) The historiographical significance of the impact of the French Revolution on the origins & construction of Spanish-American liberal republicanism is discussed, seeking to understand a general trait of Latin American political discourse: its rhetorical, revolutionary character. (2) The intellectual mode of thought that "filtered" the Enlightenment & French philosophical force of the language of liberty & human rights is considered. (3) Some of the conceptual weaknesses stemming from this still active source of political legitimation are formulated: its fundamental reliance on a philosophy of history wedded to moral & political impracticality. 4 Illustrations. Modified Author Summary

Exploring the fraught processes of Spaniards' efforts to formulate a national identity - from the Enlightenment to the present - this book focuses on the nation's Islamic-African legacy, disputing the received wisdom that Spain has consistently rejected its historical relationship to Muslims and Africans

"Political Culture in Spanish America, 1500-1830 examines the nature of Spanish American political culture by reevaluating the political theory, institutions, and practices of the Hispanic world. Consisting of eight case studies with a focus on New Spain and Quito, Jaime E. Rodrguez O. demonstrates that the process of independence of Spanish America differs from previous claims. In 1188 King Alfonso IX convened the Cortes, the first congress in Europe that included the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the towns.This heritage, along with events in the sixteenth century, including the rebellion of Castilla and the Protestant Reformation, transformed the nature of Hispanic political thought. Rodrguez O. argues that those developments, rather than the Enlightenment, were the basis of the Hispanic revolution and the Constitution of 1812. Emphasizing continuity rather than the rejection of Hispanic political culture, as well as the Atlantic perspective, Political Culture in Spanish America, 1500-1830 demonstrates the nature of the Hispanic revolution and the process of independence. Rodriguez O.'s work will encourage historians of Spanish America to reexamine the political institutions and processes of those nations from a broad perspective to gain a deeper understanding of the Spanish American countries that emerged from the breakup of the composite monarchy"--

Reflexiones sobre el estado actual del comercio de España –Reflections about the Current State of the Commerce in Spain– is a hitherto unknown and vast economic and political treatise which was published in 1761 anonymously. His author was Simón de Aragorri. The serendipity of a print copy of the treatise let us assert that it aimed at having a bearing on the economic debate right after Carlos III's enthronement. This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and the reformists scheme put forward in the treatise relative to the overseas Spanish possessions. ; Las Reflexiones sobre el estado actual del comercio de España es un amplio tratado político-económico, hasta la fecha desconocido, publicado en 1761 bajo la autoría anónima de Simón de Aragorri. El hallazgo de un ejemplar del mismo permite apreciar que su objetivo era incidir en el debate económico abierto tras la entronización de Carlos III. En este trabajo se analizan los fundamentos teóricos y la propuesta reformadora planteada en el libro respecto a los territorios de ultramar.

Introduction: natural history and visual culture in the Spanish empire -- A botanical reconquista -- Natural history and visual epistemology -- Painting as exploration -- Economic botany and the limits of the visual -- Visions of imperial nature: global white space, local color -- Conclusion: the empire as an image machine

Preaching Spanish Nationalism across the Hispanic Atlantic skillfully debates the prevailing view that the monolithic Catholic Church -- as the symbol of the ancien régime -- subverted a secular progression toward nationalism and modernity. It was, Scott Eastman deftly contends, the tenets of Roman Catholicism and the ideals of Enlightenment worked together to lay the basis for a "mixed modernity" within the territories of the Spanish monarchy.

Castro-Gómez argues that in the colonial periphery of the Spanish Americas, Enlightenment constituted not only the position of epistemic distance separating science from all other knowledges, but also the position of ethnic distance separating the criollos from the 'castes'. Epistemic violence--and not only physical violence--is thereby found at the very origin of Colombian nationality.

Estudio sobre el intento de reforma ilustrada de la Universidad de Sevilla en 1768, conducida por Pablo de Olavide y Jáuregui (1725-1803). Contiene una breve semblanza de Olavide, así como una crónica sobre la gestación y desarrollo de la reforma, de la que formó parte un amplio informe donde se sintetizaron estos planteamientos nuevos. Se incluyen transcripciones de los documentos fundamentales de la reforma que el Consejo de Castilla encargó a Olavide como Asistente de la ciudad de Sevilla, en lo tocante a las enseñanzas superiores. ; In the context of the reforms during the reign of Charles III of Spain, the figure of Pablo de Olavide y Jáuregui (1725-1803) is particularly noteworthy not only due to his literary achievements, his famous trial and condemnation by the Inquisition, but also for his legacy in the area of government. His efforts to overhaul university structures, teaching practices and curricula –particularly in the field of Law– were amongst his key initiatives. These reforms were contained in a new teaching programme that Olavide conceived for the University of Seville, which was articulated in a report commissioned by Charles III in 1768. The book contains a brief profile of Pablo de Olavide and a chronicle of the origin and development of university reform. Transcriptions of unpublished primary sources as manuscripts, letters and reports from various archives are included.

Political peace in Europe has historically been elusive and ephemeral. Stella Ghervas shows that since the eighteenth century, European thinkers and leaders in pursuit of lasting peace fostered the idea of European unification. Bridging intellectual and political history, Ghervas draws on the work of philosophers from Abbé de Saint-Pierre, who wrote an early eighteenth-century plan for perpetual peace, to Rousseau and Kant, as well as statesmen such as Tsar Alexander I, Woodrow Wilson, Winston Churchill, Robert Schuman, and Mikhail Gorbachev. She locates five major conflicts since 1700 that spurred such visionaries to promote systems of peace in Europe: the War of the Spanish Succession, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. Each moment generated a "spirit" of peace among monarchs, diplomats, democratic leaders, and ordinary citizens. The engineers of peace progressively constructed mechanisms and institutions designed to prevent future wars.Arguing for continuities from the ideals of the Enlightenment, through the nineteenth-century Concert of Nations, to the institutions of the European Union and beyond, Conquering Peace illustrates how peace as a value shaped the idea of a unified Europe long before the EU came into being. Today the EU is widely criticized as an obstacle to sovereignty and for its democratic deficit. Seen in the long-range perspective of the history of peacemaking, however, this European society of states emerges as something else entirely: a step in the quest for a less violent world.

The long history of state unity and archaeology's strong dependence on the state explain how archaeological practice became institutionalized in Spain. The intellectual currents that marked Spanish archaeology's development – antiquarianism, Enlightenment interest in human antiquity, the definition of national identity – are analogous to those in other European countries: foreign models always were influential. Largely due to traditional, institutionalized links to German and French archaeology, cultural historical positivism was the only theoretical and methodological framework until the 1970s. Since then, due to British, US, Latin American and Italian influence, Marxist, functionalist, and structuralist approaches have developed. The advent of democracy, the decentralization of state institutions, and improvements in the standard of living and in education have favored this pluralism. Spanish archaeology shares with the rest of the world the task of meeting present-day social needs without diluting its commitment to understanding the past. ; Peer reviewed

In the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, black mobilization has been highly repressed and challenged by national myths of racial harmony. This paper focuses on the development and legacies of these national myths in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. All myths of nation consist of rhetoric that favors European enlightenment ideals and rejects false narratives of homogeneous African conditions. The dichotomy of European and African comes from a broader international discourse of liberalism during the 19th and 20th centuries. The promotion of Eurocentric policy on all three islands contributed to eugenics laws and pedagogy around positivism. The results of this policy lead to continued racial inequalities on all three islands. This myth of the nation provides an alternative identifier for people rather than other personal classifications of race and class. The last part of this paper focuses on understanding the continued racial oppression Afro-Latins face on the islands and how individuals have advocated against the myth of racial harmony. The lived experiences of individuals on the islands, and the continued fight against glossed over racial disparities complicates grand narratives in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean.