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The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how demographic and socio-economic variables in cross-national comparative survey research can be harmonized. After a short introduction discussing the difference between translation and harmonization, the path from a national concept and structure to an internationally-applicable measurement instrument is traced using the education variable as an example. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document. (author's abstract)

Harmonisation des variables démographiques et socio-économiques dans la recherche par enquêtes transnationales: L'objectif de cet article est de démontrer comment les variables démographiques et socio-économiques dans les enquêtes transnationales peuvent être harmonisées. Après une courte introduction sur la différence entre traduction et harmonisation, on montre le développement qui s'opère entre des conceptions et des structures qui s'élaborent au niveau national jusqu'à des instruments de mesure qui soient valable à un niveau international, en utilisant l'exemple des variables éducatives.

Career guidance and counselling is a vaguely implemented concept in most educational institutions, governmental and non-governmental organisations. The severity of the problem and scarcity of relevant information among university students have prompted the undertaking of this study the aim of which was to assess career development among undergraduate students of Madda Walabu University. Crosssectional study design was employed to gather quantitative data through self-administered structured questionnaires. The participants in the study were 605 undergraduate students of Madda Walabu University who were recruited through multi-stage sampling. The analysis employed SPSS‑20.0 to calculate t‑test and ANOVA. The findings suggested that socio-demographic variables were important in determining the factors, levels and variances in career development. The participants' perceived benefit of career development has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the expected mean and the observed mean, t (604) =29.11, p<.01. However, they had only some unsatisfactory information on career development and most of them (47.4%) did not have a bright future. The result of this study showed that career development is important in understanding students' personal values, clarifying their goals, career choice directions and job-searching skills. Because the respondents' reported information on career development is so poor, lack of future direction and decreased performance are inevitable. It is suggested that career counselling services are seen to be highly recommendable in advancing students' career development in many aspects.Keywords: career development, socio-demographic variables, university students

This book explains harmonisation techniques that can be used in survey research to align national systems of categories and definitions in such a way that comparison is possible across countries and cultures. It provides an introduction to instruments for collecting internationally comparable data of interest to survey researchers. It shows how seven key demographic and socio-economic variables can be harmonised and employed in European comparative surveys. The seven key variables discussed in detail are: education, occupation, income, activity status, private household, ethnicity, and family. These demographic and socio-economic variables are background variables that no survey can do without. They frequently have the greatest explanatory capacity to analyse social structures, and are a mirror image of the way societies are organised nationally. This becomes readily apparent when one attempts, for example, to compare national education systems. Moreover, a comparison of the national definitions of concepts such as "private household" reveals several different historically and culturally shaped underlying concepts. Indeed, some European countries do not even have a word for "private household". Hence such national definitions and categories cannot simply be translated from one culture to another. They must be harmonised.

The emergence of risky behavior is characteristic in adolescence. Of all
forms of risky behavior in adolescence, the use of psychoactive substances -
cigarettes, alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances particularly stand
out, because of the frequency and degree of prevalence of use, and because of
the impact that they have on youth development in this sensitive stage of
growing up. Unfortunately, today we are witnessing the fact that such
behavior in adolescents has gained an increasingly epidemic character mainly
due to the characteristics of the social context in which young people are
growing up. The main objective of this research, conducted in the framework
of the doctoral dissertation of the author, was determining relations between
relevant sociodemographic factors: gender, age, school success, financial
status and place of residence of respondents, with the appearance and
intensity of use of three types of psychoactive substances - cigarettes,
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances among the general population of
adolescents. The sample represents non-clinical young population, and it
consists of 529 adolescents, students of the 2nd and 4th class of secondary
school (17 and 18 years old). The data was collected by using Scale use of
PAS (psychoactive substances) in adolescents, which was designed for the
purpose of this research, as well as using a set of questions intended for
the registration of socio-demographic variables. Respondents filled in
questionnaires in groups, during the school lessons. The data show a
relationship between the three studied socio-demographic variables with the
occurrence and degree of use of psychoactive substances in the adolescence
period, such as gender, age and school success of the respondents. As regards
gender of respondents associated with the occurrence and degree of alcohol
and illegal substance use in adolescents, male adolescents more likely use
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances. Age of respondents associated
with the use of all three types of psychoactive substances in adolescence,
found that older adolescents were more likely to use cigarettes, alcohol and
illegal psychoactive substances. School success of the respondents is
associated with the occurrence and degree of use of all three tested
categories of psychoactive substances - cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and
the obtained findings indicate that with the decline in school success, the
prevalence of all three types of psychoactive substances increases in
adolescence. Besides the theoretical significance, the applicability of the
findings is reflected in the field of primary prevention and health
protection of youth.

Summary The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in a sample of Spanish social workers and analyse the influence of a series of socio-demographic variables that may potentially be related to the appearance and development of one of the three dimensions of burnout. A total of 947 Spanish social workers participated in the study. Findings 33.2% and 22.1 of Spanish social workers experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and 54.2% experienced low personal accomplishment at work. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that having been on sick leave in the preceding year was the most important predictor of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, full-time employment status was the most robust predictor of depersonalisation, and professional activity in specialised social services was the main predictor of personal accomplishment. The low percentages of total variance explained imply that although certain socio-demographic characteristics are significant predictors, their effects are very small. Applications Public and private organisations devoted to social services should be aware of the need to prevent this type of psychosocial risk to which social workers are exposed every day. This would help improve the health and quality of their lives as well as reduce the high costs which frequent worker turnover and sick leave entail, and would also enhance the effectiveness of the services provided.

WHAT DO SOVIET MATERIALS REVEAL ABOUT THE IMPACT OF SEX DIFFERENCES, AGE AND EDUCATION ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE WORK EXPERIENCE? ONCE AGAIN THE CONCERN IS NOT ONLY TO REVIEW THE STATISTICAL FINDINGS BUT TO EXAMINE THE VARIETY OF WAYS IN WHICH THESE ISSUES HAVE GENERATED CHANGING INTERPRETATIONS, POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS OF PROBLEMS OF WORK. IN PARTICULAR, THE AUTHORS ARE INTERESTED IN THE WAY IN WHICH THE INTERACTION OF SOCIOLOGISTS' FINDINGS AND THE MORE "POPULAR" DISCOURSE ON PROBLEMS OF WORK HAVE SET THE STAGE FOR CONSIDERATION OF THE NEED FOR "WORK REFORM" IN THE SOVIET UNION.

The positive youth development (PYD) model is a strength-based conceptualization of the transition to adulthood, in which the relationships that individuals establish within this context are essential. These adaptive contextual–individual interactions allow youths to acquire better psychological adjustment and greater social participation. The PYD model differentiates five areas to be nurtured (the 5Cs) in young people: confidence, competence, connection, caring, and character. The present work aimed to examine differences in overall PYD and its respective 5Cs among Spanish university students based on their socio-demographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study with 1038 students between 18 and 28 years old from 11 Spanish universities was conducted. In order to assess the 5Cs, the Spanish adaptation of the 5Cs of the PYD Short Form was used. When analyzing the variability of the 5Cs according to socio-demographic variables, some relevant differences were found, though with small effect sizes. Students with better scores on the 5Cs included those who were living in the countryside or big cities, studied Social Sciences, were enrolled in small universities, had parents with a high education level, and those who reported high socio-economic status. Women presented higher scores in terms of connection, caring, and character, whereas men reported more perceived competence and confidence, which may be due to gender socialization during adolescence and youth. Families with parents with a higher level of education and of a higher socio-economic level may offer more resources and support greater positive youth development. These social inequalities in PYD may suggest the need for the promotion of equal opportunities in education, health promotion, and social participation, which may allow young people from all backgrounds to develop their individual potential.