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This second edition has been updated to include an assessment of economic relations up to the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on three main threads that tie national economies together: flows of goods, of people and of finance. Since the end of the Second World War, the international economy transformed from a tightly controlled trading system to the financial globalization of the late 20th century. This book traces the organisation of international economic relations from the 1944 Bretton Woods conference through to the 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath. By outlining the development of economic policy of both national and international institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the European Union, this volume examines how the global system was constructed and explores the sources of inequality and instability. The changing political context is also emphasised, especially the Cold War and its end, the rise of China and other emerging market economies and the prospect of a retreat from globalisation in the wake of the 2008 crisis. Using non-technical language and providing clear examples and evidence, the book is an accessible introduction to international economic relations that will be useful for all students of modern world history since 1945.

Review of: Territorial Politics and the Party System in Spain: Continuity and Change since the Financial Crisis, Caroline Gray (2020)
Abingdon: Routledge, 167 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-85743-983-0, h/bk, £84.00, ISBN 978-0-42929-006-0, e/bk, £25.89

"This book is a must-read for everyone interested in the foreign policies of European countries in the three decades since the end of the Cold War." —Wolfgang Wagner, Professor of International Security, Department of Political Science and Public Administration at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands "Foreign Policy Change in Europe since 1991 makes a very important and distinc­tive contribution to the theoretical literature on change in foreign policy. The volume truly excels as both a source on comparative European foreign policy and empirically well-informed theory on the sources of foreign policy change." —Joe D. Hagan, Barnette Professor, Department of Political Science, West Virginia University, USA In the past three decades, the world has witnessed many rapid and invasive changes, and seems to be changing countries have adapted their foreign policies to these changes. Building on a clear typology of foreign policy change and a consistent theoretical framework, this book offers a comparative analysis of for­eign policy change in Europe throughout the post-Cold War period. Along the lines of our analytical framework, country experts discuss how and why the fur­ther ever more rapidly in ways that seemed only imaginable in movies. This book investigates how European foreign policies of eleven European countries have changed over the past thirty years. This book hereby advances our understanding of the phenomenon of foreign policy change and identifies the most important drivers and inhibitors of change. Jeroen K. Joly is Lecturer in Geopolitics at Saint-Louis University Brussels and Associated Researcher at Ghent University, Belgium. His research focuses on the interplay between domestic and international politics and has been published in Political Communication, Cooperation and Conflict, and Foreign Policy Analysis. Tim Haesebrouck is Researcher at Ghent University, Belgium. His research interests include military intervention, defense burden sharing and foreign policy analysis. His work has been published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Peace Research, Foreign Policy Analysis, Journal of European Public Policy and European Political Science Review. .

Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) mortality shows great disparity between endemic high risk areas, where non-keratinizing carcinoma (NKC) histology is prevalent, and non-endemic low risk regions, where the keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC) type is more frequent. We used the World Health Organization database to calculate NPC mortality trends from 1970 to 2014 in several countries worldwide. For the European Union (EU), the United States (US) and Japan, we also predicted trends to 2020. In 2012, the highest age-standardized (world standard) rates were in Hong Kong (4.51/100,000 men and 1.15/100,000 women), followed by selected Eastern European countries. The lowest rates were in Northern Europe and Latin America. EU rates were 0.27/100,000 men and 0.09/100,000 women, US rates were 0.20/100,000 men and 0.08/100,000 women and Japanese rates were 0.16/100,000 men and 0.04/100,000 women. NPC mortality trends were favourable for several countries. The decline was −15% in men and −5% in women between 2002 and 2012 in the EU, −12% in men and −9% in women in the US and about −30% in both sexes in Hong Kong and Japan. The favourable patterns in Europe and the United States are predicted to continue. Changes in salted fish and preserved food consumption account for the fall in NKC. Smoking and alcohol prevalence disparities between sexes and geographic areas may explain the different rates and trends observed for KSCC and partially for NKC. Dietary patterns, as well as improvement in management of the disease, may partly account for the observed trends, too.

Striving to become a world leader in political and economic terms, the European Union has been pursuing development policy based on the development of information society, building an innovative knowledge economy and protecting the environment and its resources for nearly two decades. The development and modernisation of the European Union and its Member States are currently dependent on the effects of the implementation of the Europe 2020 socio-economic development strategy pursued since 2010. The author of the study is interested in the prospects for the implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy. Analysing the degree of the realisation of selected indicators of the strategy and socio-economic determinants of the development of the European Union and its Member States the author attempt to resolve the issue of the possibility of full implementation of the strategy by 2020. ; Dążąc do uzyskania pozycji światowego lidera w wymiarze politycznym i gospodarczym Unia Europejska od blisko dwóch dekad stara się realizować politykę rozwoju opartą na rozwoju społeczeństwa informacyjnego, budowie innowacyjnej Gospodarki Opartej na Wiedzy oraz ochronie środowiska naturalnego i jego zasobów. Rozwój oraz modernizacja Unii Europejskiej i jej państw członkowskich zależą obecnie od efektów wdrażania realizowanej od 2010 r. strategii rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Europa 2020. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora pracy są perspektywy wdrażania strategii Europa 2020. Analizując stopień realizacji wybranych wskaźników strategii oraz społeczno-gospodarcze uwarunkowania rozwoju Unii Europejskiej i jej państw członkowskich autor opracowania próbuje rozstrzygnąć kwestię możliwości pełnego wdrożenia interesującej go strategii do roku 2020.

Risk has emerged as a key mechanism for controlling the future and learning from past misfortunes. How did risk influence policy makers' responses to COVID-19? How will they be judged for their decisions? Drawing on case studies from the UK, China, Japan, New Zealand and the US, this original text explores policy responses to COVID-19 through the lens of risk. The book considers how different countries framed the pandemic, categorised their populations and communicated risk. It also evaluates the role of the media, conspiracy theories and hindsight in shaping responses to COVID-19. As we reflect on the 'first wave', this book offers a vital resource for anticipating future responses to crises

From the turn-of-the-century S-bend silhouette to celebrity couture of the new millennium and the evolution of streetwear, this comprehensive survey explores significant developments in fashion from 1900 to the present day. Fashion historians Amy de la Haye and Valerie Mendes focus on key movements and innovations in style, and explore trends through the work of some of the world's most original and influential designers and couturiers. Chapters are organized around crucial shifts in tastes and major world events, and exciting advances in fashion are placed within their socioeconomic, political and cultural contexts. International in scope with colour illustrations throughout, this edition includes updated text as well as a new chapter that discusses some of the defining features of fashion in our time: the industry's proactive embrace of age, gender and race diversity, and its ongoing efforts to combat labour exploitation and encourage global sustainability. Table of Contents: 1900-1913: undulations and exotica -- 1914-1929: La Garçonne and the new simplicity -- 1930-1938: recession and escapism -- 1939-1945: rationed fashion and home-made style -- 1946-1956: femininity and conformity -- 1957-1967: affluence and the teenage challenge -- 1968-1975: eclecticism and ecology -- 1976-1988: sedition and consumerism -- 1989-1999: fashion goes global -- 2000-: planet fashion. 11. Fashion 2010–2020 (added in 2021 edition)

This book provides a novel in-depth study of the early pandemic response policy at the intersection of political economy and law. It explores: (1) whether the responses to COVID-19 were democratically accountable; (2) the ways in which new surveillance and enforcement techniques were adopted; (3) the new monetary and fiscal policies which were implemented; (4) the ways in which employed and unemployed persons were differently impacted by the new policies; and (5) how companies were economically sustained through the pandemic. A compelling look at what happens to societies when disaster strikes, this book will be of interest to legal scholars, political scientists and economists

Until the mid-nineties talking about diversity in South Tyrol meant referring to its three historical language groups. Since then, the number of people with foreign citizenship who have chosen the province of South Tyrol as their new home, has been increasing steadily. Even in the face of the pandemic, there are no indications the trend is likely to abate. Over the last twenty years, the number has almost tripled - from 16,000 in 2002 to over 50,000 in 2017. This population with a migratory background not only adds new diversity to the region, but also presents new questions and challenges. In Eurac Research's "Migration Report South Tyrol 2020", 30 researchers in the fields of sociology, geography, law, history, biology, anthropology, political science and linguistics analysed who the people migrating to South Tyrol are as well as their integration in the region's schools, employment and political systems. The 100-page report contains testimonies, infographics and images and has been designed as an instrument for supporting local policies and as informative reading and educational material. http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/Publications/Pages/dossier/migration-report.aspx