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A restaurant is a place that provides food and drinks to the public. Therefore, the hygiene and sanitation of the restaurant are vital to ensure the health of that foods and drinks. This study aims to describe the hygiene and sanitation of restaurant according to variables of location and building, sanitation facilities, kitchen, dining room, and food's storage, food ingredients and fast food, food processing, food ingredients, and fast-food storages, serving of food and equipment used. This study used descriptive with an observational method to all restaurants in Bajawa District from January to February 2020. The sample was 25 restaurants taken using the total sampling technique. The result showed that 100% (25) restaurants in Bajawa District qualified for variables of location and building, food ingredients and food storages, and the equipment used. However, the variable of sanitation facilities showed that 84% (21) of the restaurants were not qualified. Moreover, all sample restaurants (100%) in Bajawa District were not qualified for variables of kitchen, dining room and food storage, food processing, and serving of food. Overall, 56% (14) of restaurants were not qualified for hygiene and sanitation requirements. Therefore, government or related health offices should continuously supervise the implementation of restaurant hygiene and sanitation.

BACKGROUND: While women and girls face special risks from lack of access to sanitation facilities, their ability to participate and influence household-level sanitation is not well understood. This paper examines the association between women's decision-making autonomy and latrine construction in rural areas of Odisha, India. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-method study among rural households in Puri district. This included a cross sectional survey among 475 randomly selected households. These were classified as either having a functional latrine, a non-functional latrine or no latrine at all. We also conducted 17 in-depth interviews and 9 focus group discussions among household members of these three categories of households. RESULTS: Decisions on the construction of household level sanitation facilities were made exclusively by the male head in 80% of households; in 11% the decision was made by men who consulted or otherwise involved women. In only 9% of households the decision was made by women. Households where women were more involved in general decision making processes were no more likely to build a latrine, compared to households where they were excluded from decisions. Qualitative research revealed that women's non-involvement in sanitation decision making is attributed to their low socio-economic status and inability to influence the household's financial decisions. Female heads lacked confidence to take decisions independently, and were dependent on their spouse or other male family members for most decisions. The study revealed the existence of power hierarchies and dynamics within households, which constrained female's participation in decision-making processes regarding sanitation. CONCLUSIONS: Though governments and implementers emphasize women's involvement in sanitation programmes, socio-cultural factors and community and household level dynamics often prevent women from participating in sanitation-related decisions. Measures are needed for strengthening sanitation policies and effective implementation of programmes to address gender power relations and familial relationships that influence latrine adoption and use.

The study investigated poor sanitation and its effects in Nigeria as the country is heavily plagued with the burden of open defecation. Communities are put at greater risk of infection when sources of drinking water are polluted with human faecal matter, untreated water, sludge etc. Also, the environment can be negatively impacted on especially when coastal areas are bombarded with direct defecation and discharge of sewage thereby disrupting normal ecosystem functions especially of the marine world. It is therefore recommended that all house owners should provide adequate sanitation facilities in their houses and new building plan should not be approved by the regulatory agency of the government unless there is provision for sanitation facility in it. i.e. strict enforcement of building standards. It is also recommended that government at all levels should provide public toilets in order to eliminate the menace of open defecation and should also promote public enlightenment on the dangers of poor sanitation.

The study investigated poor sanitation and its effects in Nigeria as the country is heavily plagued with the burden of open defecation. Communities are put at greater risk of infection when sources of drinking water are polluted with human faecal matter, untreated water, sludge etc. Also, the environment can be negatively impacted on especially when coastal areas are bombarded with direct defecation and discharge of sewage thereby disrupting normal ecosystem functions especially of the marine world. It is therefore recommended that all house owners should provide adequate sanitation facilities in their houses and new building plan should not be approved by the regulatory agency of the government unless there is provision for sanitation facility in it. i.e. strict enforcement of building standards. It is also recommended that government at all levels should provide public toilets in order to eliminate the menace of open defecation and should also promote public enlightenment on the dangers of poor sanitation.

This study modelled residents' environmental sanitation behaviour in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. To examine the factors influencing environmental sanitation behaviour, residents were sampled across the residential areas of the metropolis. The identified factors were residents' socioeconomic background, residential characteristics, access to environmental sanitation facilities and services, and agreement with environmental sanitation exercise. Findings revealed that environmental sanitation exercise was a strong and statistically significant predictor (R2 = .971) of environmental sanitation behaviour in Ibadan metropolis while other factors were trailing behind with 2.9% contribution. These findings suggest that environmental sanitation in Ibadan metropolis was mainly an exercise rather than a practice. It was law-driven, and therefore mostly government-initiated and motivated. These findings have implications for practice and policy making by highlighting environmental sanitation reorientation and strengthening of other identified factors of environmental sanitation behaviour in the metropolis.

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

Background: Ghana's low investment in household sanitation is evident from the low rates of improved sanitation. This study analysed how land ownership, tenancy security and livelihood patterns are related to sanitation investments in three adjacent rural and peri-urban communities in a district close to Accra, Ghana's capital. Methods: Qualitative data was gathered for this comparative ethnographic study over seven months, (June, 2011-January, 2012) using an average of 43 (bi-weekly) participant observation per community and 56 in-depth interviews. Detailed observational data from study communities were triangulated with multiple interview material and contextual knowledge on social structures, history of settlement, land use, livelihoods, and access to and perceptions about sanitation. Results: This study shows that the history of settlement and land ownership issues are highly correlated with people's willingness and ability to invest in household sanitation across all communities. The status of being a stranger i.e. migrant in the area left some populations without rights over the land they occupied and with low incentives to invest in sanitation, while indigenous communities were challenged by the increasing appropriation of their land for commercial enterprises and for governmental development projects. Interview responses suggest that increasing migrant population and the high demand for housing in the face of limited available space has resulted in general unwillingness and inability to establish private sanitation facilities in the communities. The increasing population has also created high demand for cheap accommodation, pushing tenants to accept informal tenancy agreements that provided for poor sanitation facilities. In addition, poor knowledge of tenancy rights leaves tenants in no position to demand sanitation improvements and therefore landlords feel no obligation or motivation to provide and maintain domestic sanitation facilities. Conclusions: The study states that poor land rights, the history of settlements, in-migration and insecure tenancy are key components that are associated with local livelihoods and investments in private sanitation in rapidly changing rural and peri-urban communities of Ghana. Sanitation policy makers and programme managers must acknowledge that these profound local, ethnic and economic forces are shaping people's abilities and motivations for sanitation investments.

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Abbreviations and symbols -- Atomic weight and number of elements -- Conversion factors for SI units -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Perspectives of the Regenerative Phenomena -- 1.2.1 Regenerative science and medicine -- 1.2.2 Regenerative development and design -- 1.2.3 Regenerative agriculture -- 1.2.4 Regenerative economy and capitalism -- 1.3 Regenerative Sanitation Worldview -- 1.4 Paradigms of Sanitation -- 1.4.1 Conventional sanitation paradigm (sanitation 1.0) -- 1.4.2 Ecological sanitation paradigm (sanitation 2.0) -- 1.4.3 Sustainable sanitation paradigm (sanitation 3.0) -- 1.4.4 The paradigm shift -- 1.4.5 Regenerative sanitation paradigm (sanitation 4.0) -- 1.5 Sanitation Conceptual Frameworks -- 1.6 Change is Imperative -- 1.7 Exercises -- 1.8 Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 2: Regenerative sanitation foundations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regenerative Sanitation Assumptions -- 2.3 Regenerative Sanitation Theoretical Foundations -- 2.3.1 Functionalism and system theory (FaST) -- 2.3.2 Regenerative development and design theory (RDDT) -- 2.3.3 Centralization theory -- 2.3.4 Decentralization theory -- 2.4 Principles of Regenerative Sanitation -- 2.4.1 Appropriate technology (ApT) -- 2.4.2 Biomimic and biophilic (BaB) -- 2.4.3 Fit-for-purpose governance (FPG) -- 2.4.4 Hybridized solutions (HS) -- 2.4.5 No-Transfer-of-burden (NToB) -- 2.4.6 Systemic holistic integration (SHI) -- 2.4.7 Place and scale (PaS) -- 2.4.8 Participation and partnership (PaP) -- 2.4.9 Recycling and safe reuse (RaSR) -- 2.4.10 Rehabilitation of dysfunctional facilities (RoDF) -- 2.4.11 Systemic functioning of all parts -- 2.5 Regenerative Sanitation Practices -- 2.6 Regenerative Sanitation Potential Benefits -- 2.7 Rethinking Sanitation.

Abstract Background Ghana's low investment in household sanitation is evident from the low rates of improved sanitation. This study analysed how land ownership, tenancy security and livelihood patterns are related to sanitation investments in three adjacent rural and peri-urban communities in a district close to Accra, Ghana's capital. Methods Qualitative data was gathered for this comparative ethnographic study over seven months, (June, 2011-January, 2012) using an average of 43 (bi-weekly) participant observation per community and 56 in-depth interviews. Detailed observational data from study communities were triangulated with multiple interview material and contextual knowledge on social structures, history of settlement, land use, livelihoods, and access to and perceptions about sanitation. Results This study shows that the history of settlement and land ownership issues are highly correlated with people's willingness and ability to invest in household sanitation across all communities. The status of being a stranger i.e. migrant in the area left some populations without rights over the land they occupied and with low incentives to invest in sanitation, while indigenous communities were challenged by the increasing appropriation of their land for commercial enterprises and for governmental development projects. Interview responses suggest that increasing migrant population and the high demand for housing in the face of limited available space has resulted in general unwillingness and inability to establish private sanitation facilities in the communities. The increasing population has also created high demand for cheap accommodation, pushing tenants to accept informal tenancy agreements that provided for poor sanitation facilities. In addition, poor knowledge of tenancy rights leaves tenants in no position to demand sanitation improvements and therefore landlords feel no obligation or motivation to provide and maintain domestic sanitation facilities. Conclusions The study states that poor land rights, the history of settlements, in-migration and insecure tenancy are key components that are associated with local livelihoods and investments in private sanitation in rapidly changing rural and peri-urban communities of Ghana. Sanitation policy makers and programme managers must acknowledge that these profound local, ethnic and economic forces are shaping people's abilities and motivations for sanitation investments.

Introduction: The arumbai market as the largest raw fish sales center in Ambon city, is known to have inadequate availability of sanitation facilities and clean water causing raw fish business actors to use sea water that has been contaminated by domestic waste. Resulting in fish being traded to be unhealthy and fresh.Purposes of the Research: To find out and analyze consumer protection for raw fish products in the Arumbai market regarding sanitation facilities and the responsibilities of business actors and managers in providing hygienic raw fish products.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical, which is focused on providing explanations that explain a particular category. Approach the problem of the statute approach (statute approach) and the conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The collection of legal materials through primary legal materials is then free from secondary legal materials. The processing and analysis of legal materials is described in a qualitative way with the aim of describing the findings in the field.Results of the Research: The absence of legal protection and certainty for consumers of raw fish in the arumbai market, where fish traders do not guarantee the quality of fish to keep it fresh. However, they freely use polluted water to soak the fish. This is because fish traders do not have awareness of their obligations as business actors. And the Government as an institution that is authorized and responsible to the community does not play an active or irresponsible role in supervising and controlling sanitation and clean water facilities at the Arumbai market. Arumbai market fish traders are not aware of their obligations as business actors. So that their responsibility in providing hygienic raw fish is not fulfilled. Market managers, arumbai business actors do not cooperate with the city government to provide sanitation and clean water facilities.

SummaryThis study examines effects and interactions of socioeconomic status, access to water supply and sanitation, and breast-feeding practices in relation to child growth in two provincial cities in the Philippines. Multivariate analysis identified food expenditure per head, education of the household head and gender of the child as significant predictors of nutritional status. The duration of partial and full breast-feeding was negatively (though non-significantly) associated with growth. Sanitation facilities and breast-feeding are, however, important determinants during the first year of life. Among children over 1 year of age, socioeconomic variables and gender are the most important predictors. Breast-feeding is shown to provide more important health benefits for children in lower income households. The need for further studies on the causes of gender differences in nutritional status was apparent.

By the end of the Millennium Development Goal's target year, 2015, India had been declared as a country, which has made moderate progress in terms of improvement in basic sanitation provision for all. Yet open defecation is still a regular practice of a significant proportion of the population in both urban and rural areas. The Indian government has been trying to address this problem for the last three decades through different programmes. However, though the effort is laudable, in reality, the countrywide situation is not so praiseworthy. Lack of sanitation provisions affects people in different ways with different intensities along the lines of class, gender, age, disability, and marginality. In Darjeeling city, due to lack of proper sanitation facilities, a significant portion of the population uses public toilets, which are less in number compared to the demand. People face a variety of difficulties and hurdles in using public toilets, and as a result, continue to practice open defecation during the night and early morning. Among the users, women and adolescent girls suffer more than the others. Moreover, in this city, a significant portion of the population faces acute water crisis during the dry months. This empirical study tries to explore the different ways through which women and adolescent girls are affected by the lack of safe sanitation facilities within the house premises. The article also argues that lack of sanitation provision should be considered as a matter of violence against women and adolescent girls because the situation makes them vulnerable to the risk of being violated or sexually abused.

This study was accompanied with objectives to analyze the usefulness of, Water Distribution Practices prevailed in targeted union counsel of rural district Peshawar, and Behavior change in WASH. A sample size 359 respondents were randomly selected in rural district of Peshawar. The data was analyzed through SPSS (20) by the application of Chi-Square test statistics and simple univariate analysis. The study concluded that improved Water Distribution Practice had highly significant association with enhancement in behavior change in WASH, adoption of positive Health behaviors, health advocacy and awareness help healthy physique and behavior change in WASH as a way towards healthy life as well as sound human resource, and this human resource can play role in boosting Country's GDP. This study concentrated on aspect of current water distribution practice and behavior change in WASH, in the study area where this study affirmed that sound body has a sound brain. Use of healthy and fresh water from secure water storage and source directly related to healthy physique. Safe drinking water is the only source of avoidance from all types of water born disease i.e. diarrhea, dysentery, cholera etc. And ill health especially for those who have no or less access to health services in rurality. This study also indicated the importance of mass awareness campaign, general perceptions of common men in terms of better and healthy life.

The institutional arrangements for management of water supply and sanitation in Brazil result from the sector's long history. Initially, British capital was involved, but by the early twentieth century most of the infrastructure was in public hands. Public health engineering was originally closely allied with public health, but gradually municipal engineering diverged from the health sector and the municipalities began building their own water and sewerage systems. Many municipalities have retained control. The figures show significant progress in the past two decades, increasing WSS coverage. However, more than half the rural population still lack improved sanitation facilities, a large proportion of systems require improvements, and the global figures also conceal substantial geographical and socioeconomic disparities. Brazil is seeing a new phenomenon; private capital buys shares in publicly owned water and sewerage companies and forms joint enterprises with them to seek concessions. It blurs the distinction between public and private, and could blur the vision of the inexperienced and under-resourced regulatory bodies. The federal government recently approved a new national plan for water and sanitation. The last one determined the course of the sector for more than 20 years. Time will tell whether this one is as influential.