Suchergebnisse

What effect does regulatory auditing by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) have on the production of regulations in the agencies? In particular, does targeting an agency for heavy regulatory auditing inhibit its production of regulations, a "chilling" effect? Does heavy auditing encourage it to substitute multiple small regulations in place of single large one, "OIRA avoidance"? We present an early empirical analysis of these questions by estimating regulation production functions for federal agencies, using data from the Unified Agenda from 1995 to 2010. We attempt to distinguish the differential effects of regulatory auditing from appointments into the agencies, leveraging off exogenous variation created by independent regulatory commissions. Our data uncover no evidence of a chilling effect in the production of economically significant regulations due to the Bush administration's regulatory auditing, relative to the Clinton or early Obama administrations. Nor do we find any evidence of OIRA avoidance. We do find some evidence that the Bush administration reduced the production of noneconomically significant regulations overall. However, the effect appears to be due to appointments in the agencies. Overall, the results raise questions about the efficacy of presidential efforts to control the regulatory state and how best to evaluate those efforts.

This report of the South Carolina Department of Corrections examines its statutes, regulations, and policies to determine whether any have any detrimental impact upon private businesses and employers. After a review of all applicable provisions, it was determined that none of the provisions have an undue negative impact on the private sector.

Paper submitted to the International Conference of Agricultural Engineering - CIGR-AgEng 2012: Agriculture and Engineering for a Healthier Life, Valencia, Spain, 8-12 July 2012. ; Within the current Spanish and Colombian environmental policies related to urban waste, the use of organic waste through composting for use as fertilizer for agricultural use is promoted. There is a deficient classification of waste and pollution generated by the mixture of organic residues and therefore the presence of toxic elements or compounds such as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). These compounds have bioaccumulating and biomagnifying characteristics and they move easily on air, water and fat. They have harmful effects on health and the environment, affecting food webs, food chains and can be precursors, as indicated by some studies, of infertility, cancer, obesity or diabetes (Porta, M., 2009). Therefore, and in order to meet existing regulations on POPs in urban compost in Spain and Colombia, a descriptive study was conducted to review legal texts and codes. This study concluded that there are health and environmental standards defining the maximum permissible quality limits to be met by the compost that is currently earmarked for agricultural use. That leads to an urgent need for political decision makers, researchers, scientific societies, academic and labor from different disciplines work together to regulate POPs content in the compost produced from organic waste.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...

"July 1989." ; "B-235937"--P. [1]. ; "GAO/GGD-89-101FS." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The FDA has dramatically decreased the regulatory review time for new drugs since the early 1990s. For example, according to the Tufts University Center for the Study of Drug Development (CSDD), which conducts triennial analyses of new drug approvals in the United States, the average FDA review time for approved New Chemical Entities (NCEs) decreased from 35.6 months in 1984–86 to 16.8 months in 1996–98. Thus, in a little more than a decade, the FDA has essentially cut its average review time in half. In addition to the declining review times, the agency's workload, as measured in terms of the number of drugs approved each year, also rose considerably in the 1990s. Specifically, the agency approved a total of 232 NCEs between 1993 and 1999, compared to just 163 approvals during the previous seven-year span—a 42 percent increase. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the agency's decreased review times and increased workload, respectively. Thus, over the past decade the FDA has approved more drugs and done so in less time than at any other period in history. Simply stated, this change in regulatory performance, especially the declining review times, has been absolutely stunning.