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During the 2008 European football championships, the European Union of Football Associations (UEFA) assigned an interpreter to all participating teams for the duration of the tournament. All teams were bound by the regulations to hold one pre-match and one post-match press conference and the official languages always included English and the languages of the two teams. Simultaneous interpreting was chosen for this kind of communicative situation and English was used as a pivot language whenever necessary. The recordings of all the Italy press conferences held during EURO2008 have been transcribed to create the FOOTIE (Football in Europe) corpus, in order to carry out semi-automatic analyses of certain features of this kind of communicative situation. Football press conferences are an example of dialogic communication characterised by high interactivity, fast pace and the use of domain-specific language, and as such they pose specific challenges to the interpreter.

In the first of a two-part series, the author focuses on the problems of the presidential press conference, as seen by correspondents, White House press aides, and one former president.

The presidential press conference has rapidly developed in the last 2 decades from a highly informal, semi-private encounter between the Chief Executive & the reporters into a formalized public institution. The 'mediating' role performed by the reporters between President & public has diminished. Now the President speaks directly to the public from this forum. Institutionalization has not substantially reduced the usefulness of the conferences as measured by front page news in the New York Times thus generated. It may have reduced its usefulness in terms of some of the more subtle benefits to be reaped by the President from intimate contact with reporters. The institutionalized press conference may well be less dependent upon accidental factors of personality than in the past. IPSA.

Ambassador Mansfield talks about United States-Japan relations -- particularly commerce, the Iran problem, and Japan's military policy as he responds to reporters in his press conference at the end of 1986 This audio has not been transcribed, but a tape counter index is available. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mansfield_audio/1106/thumbnail.jpg

A REPEATED CHARGED LEVELED AT THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY IN RECENT YEARS IS THAT IT HAS BECOME "INSTITUTIONALIZED." SOME OF THE MOST VOCAL CRITICISM HAS RESOUNDED FROM PRESS CONFERENCE WATCHERS WHO INSIST THAT THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION FORM WHICH BEGAN AS AN INFORMAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN PRESIDENT AND PRESS IS SCARCELY RECOGNIZABLE TODAY IN ITS FORMALITY AND RITUAL. WHILE NUMEROUS SCHOLARS HAVE BEMOANED THIS CREEPING INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE PRESIDENTIAL PRESS CONFERENCE, NON HAS OFFERED TANGIBLE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SUCH A CLAIM. THIS STUDY SEEKS TO EXTRACT FROM PRESS CONFERENCE DISCOURSE THE RHETORICAL COMPONENTS OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE INSTITUTIONAL TRAITS HAVE EXISTED IN THE HISTORY OF THE CONFERENCE. UTILIZING CONTENT ANALYTIC PROCEDURES, THE AUTHORS EXAMINED THE PRESS CONFERENCE RHETORIC OF PRESIDENTS EISENHOWER AND FORD. THEY FOUND STRONG EVIDENCE OF INCREASED INSTITUTIONALIZATION WITHIN ACTUAL PRESS CONFERENCE TALK OVER THE HISTORY OF THE MEDIUM, AS WELL AS A LESS POTENT BUT SIMILAR TREND WITHIN THE COURSE OF A SINGLE PRESIDENCY. THIS STUDY OFFERS A HELPFUL METHODOLOGY FOR APPREHENDING THE ELUSIVE QUALITIES OF PRESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION, WHILE ALSO LENDING SIGNIFICANT INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTION AND CURRENTS STATE OF ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST POWERFUL ELECTIVE POSITIONS.