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Traditionally, a bilingual dictionary was called a translation dictionary and indeed, the translation of texts was the main goal of creating of such dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries arose in connection with the development of political, economic, and cultural ties between peoples. Bilingual dictionaries provide the users with information about the vocabulary and grammar of another language, as well as concepts about a different culture, a different vision of the world. This article provides an overview on the main functions of bilingual dictionaries

In the last century, the compilation of bilingual Greek-Albanian and Albanian-Greek dictionaries did not experience any significant development, despite the fact that educational, scientific and cultural needs for these kinds of dictionaries demanded addressing. It is a fact that for 100 plus years the Greek-Albanian and Albanian-Greek dictionaries can be counted on the fingers on one's hand. This is something inexcusable even though politics has had a negative influence for decades. The situation changed for the better after the 90s, where we have the compilation and publication of three Greek-Albanian dictionaries: The Greek-Albanian dictionary of Niko Gjini published in 1993, The Greek-Albanian dictionary of Kostandin Papafili published in 1997 and The Greek-Albanian dictionary of Hysen Sinani published in 2001. In this article we will talk about the characteristic features of these three dictionaries.

Abstract: With the introduction of a new political dispensation in South Africa; bilingual dictionaries have become a necessary part of daily life. The main function of a bilingual dictionary is to provide one or more equivalents in the target language for the entry words in the source language. Not all bilingual dictionaries realize this objective satisfactorily; Tshivenḓa bilingual dictionaries included. Some bilingual dictionaries in Tshivenḓa provide one equivalent instead of all equivalents associated with the entry word of the source language; especially if Tshivenḓa is the target language. Not providing all equivalents renders a bilingual dictionary inadequate; because users do not always find what they look for. By focusing on kinship terms in some English–Tshivenḓa bilingual dictionaries; this article discusses examples of inadequate treatment. The article further advocates the inclusion of all possible equivalents under such entry words.Keywords: BILINGUAL DICTIONARY; CROSS-RELATIONSHIP; DICTIONARY USER; EQUIVALENT; INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE; KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY; ORTHO-RELATIONSHIP; SOURCE LANGUAGE; LEXICAL UNIT; LEXICOGRAPHER; RELATIVES; TARGET LANGUAGE; TRANSLATIONOpsomming: Verwantskapsterminologie: Probleme in sommige Engels–Tshivenḓa tweetalige woordeboeke. Met die invoering van 'n nuwe politieke bedeling in Suid-Afrika het tweetalige woordeboeke 'n noodsaaklike deel van die daaglikse lewe geword. Die hooffunksie van 'n tweetalige woordeboek is om een of meer ekwivalente in die doeltaal vir die trefwoorde in die brontaal te verskaf. Nie alle tweetalige woordeboeke verwesenlik hierdie doel bevredigend nie; Tshivenḓa tweetalige woordeboeke ingesluit. Sommige tweetalige woordeboeke in Tshivenḓa verskaf een ekwivalent in plaas van al die ekwivalente wat in verband staan met die trefwoord van die brontaal; veral as Tshivenḓa die doeltaal is. Deur nie alle ekwivalente te verskaf nie maak 'n tweetalige woordeboek ontoereikend omdat gebruikers nie altyd kry wat hulle soek nie. Deur op verwantskapsterme in sommige Engels–Tshivenḓa tweetalige woordeboeke te fokus; bespreek hierdie artikel voorbeelde van onvoldoende behandeling. Verder bepleit die artikel die insluiting van alle moontlike ekwivalente onder sulke trefwoorde.Sleutelwoorde: BRONTAAL; DOELTAAL; EKWIVALENT; INHEEMSE TAAL; KRUISVERWANTSKAP; LEKSIKALE EENHEID; LEKSIKOGRAAF; ORTOVERWANTSKAP; TWEETALIGE WOORDEBOEK; VERTALING; VERWANTE; VERWANTSKAPSTERMINOLOGIE; WOORDEBOEKGEBRUIKER

This paper deals with the selection and the lexicographic treatment of figurative expressions in two dictionaries: a French-Serbian dictionary for elementary school students and an Italian-Serbian dictionary for elementary and secondary school students. First, the corpus is processed for the purpose of quantitative comparison of figurative expressions, then 18 related words from each dictionary are singled out in order for qualitative similarities and differences to be more thoroughly examined, with, finally, the same words being analysed by means of general two-way dictionaries. The highlights of the analysis are as follows: the number of marked figurative expressions is disproportionately greater in the dictionary intended for both elementary and secondary school students; translation equivalents are identical or very similar in both school dictionaries, with the exception of the way they are marked; both school dictionaries feature examples for all figurative meanings; and, the number of figurative meanings in school dictionaries is lower than in general dictionaries, but the former show more consistence with regard to their marking and exemplifying. As far as the results are concerned, they are interpreted through the prism of lexicological, lexicographic, and didactic factors. In the end, the author conclude(s) that an appropriate treatment of figurative expressions is one of the key reasons why two-way school dictionaries are still an indispensable tool in foreign language teaching.

Омография – универсальное явление письменности, которое традиционно находится на периферии внимания теоретической лексикографии. В современном китайском языке, по сравнению с языками с фонетической письменностью, ее описание осложнено необходимостью различения не двух, а трех уровней описания лексикографической единицы: семантики, графики и фонетики. Кроме того, лексикографическую проблему представляет разграничение омонимии и полисемии. Сравнив некоторые классификации омонимов и смежных явлений, мы можем выявить параметры, наиболее релевантные для установления отношений между омографами. Эту систему отношений назовем омографическим гнездом. На примере китайско-русского словаря мы показываем, что словарное описание таких отношений сильно ограничено фонетическим принципом его организации.