Suchergebnisse

Reflecting on forest functions links forestry and the society since the 19th century, thus demanding early forms of interdisciplinarity. In this essay we trace back the history of the research on forest functions to its very beginning. We present the most influential conceptualizations on this topic in the last 180 years. Including forestry science, political science, history, and economics, protagonists met this challenge by showing an interdisciplinary interest in their other works, too. Since the 19th century, many different terms have been used to describe the relationship between forestry and society, including 'forest uses', 'forest effects', 'forest tasks', and 'meanings'. This did not only lead to a confusing use of terms but the protagonists did not build on, and connect with each other either. For that reason, a research tradition could not be established. The overview of the development of the different terms is followed by a suggestion to amalgamate the concepts: Today, a society's demands to a forest should be named 'tasks' of a forest. If the forest is producing 'natural effects' that make it possible to satisfy these 'tasks', we should talk about 'services' that are delivered by the forest. ; peerReviewed

In Samurai to Soldier, D. Colin Jaundrill rewrites the military history of nineteenth-century Japan. In fifty years spanning the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji nation-state, conscripts supplanted warriors as Japan's principal arms-bearers. The most common version of this story suggests that the Meiji institution of compulsory military service was the foundation of Japan's efforts to save itself from the imperial ambitions of the West and set the country on the path to great power status. Jaundrill argues, to the contrary, that the conscript army of the Meiji period was the culmination--and not the beginning--of a long process of experimentation with military organization and technology. Jaundrill traces the radical changes to Japanese military institutions, as well as the on-field consequences of military reforms in his accounts of the Boshin War (1868-1869) and the Satsuma Rebellions of 1877. He shows how pre-1868 developments laid the foundations for the army that would secure Japan's Asian empire

Beginning as a Spanish colony to become an independent republic – the 19th century was a pivotal point for Venezuela. Socially, politically, and economically speaking, the changes were numerous, and so were the cultural and artistic manifestations that flourished in those circumstances. One of them will be tackled in this study: music. This paper is a review of one of the richest information sources: the publications of the times. Venezuelan 19th century hemerography contains hundreds of music news on composers and their environment, works, performers, musical institutions, events, concerts, critical reviews, and others of the sort. They are the witness of the events of an epoch. By analyzing them, a partial reconstruction of the Venezuelan music history can be made possible.

This title offers analysis of a broad range of historical documents and historic events from a century during which slavery was abolished and the Industrial Revolution gave rise to the middle class. Includes legal codes, letters, speeches, constitutions, reports, and books that impacted the world throughout the nineteenth century, from the Napoleonic code to Darwin's Descent of Man. Articles are organized into four regional groupings: Europe, Asia, Africa, and America

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part 1: The 19th Century: An Overview of America -- 1. The Background of 19th-Century America -- Part 2: Family -- 2. The Family -- 3. Father as a Family Man -- 4. Father as a Success -- 5. Father as Worker -- 6. Faith of Thy Fathers -- 7. Man of Honor and Good Counsel -- 8. Father Protector -- 9. Father and the Civil War -- 10. Women as Mothers -- 11. Mother as Wife -- 12. Mother as Homemaker -- 13. Children as Family -- 14. Children as Learners -- 15. Children as Workers -- 16. Independent Living -- 17. Domestic Servants -- 18. Slaves -- 19. The Family and Manifest Destiny -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.

The reason why -- Synopsis of major wars (1566-1815) -- Spain. The Irish in Spanish service ; Lieutenant-General Count Daniel O'Mahoney ; General Alexander O'Reilly -- France. The Irish in French service ; General Charles Jennings (Kilmaine) ; Henri J.G. Clarke -- Austria. The Irish in the Holy Roman Empire and Austria ; Field Marshal Count Franz Moritz Lacy -- Russia and northern Europe. The Irish in Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and Russia ; Field Marshal Count Peter Lacy

'Prices play an important role in market societies. The article illustrates the development of prices in Switzerland form the beginning of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. Important sources of price statistics as well as institutional and economic causes of the long term development of prices are discussed.' (author's abstract)