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This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the institutional forms of regional scientific and technical cooperation in such integration associations as the SCO and ASEAN. The founding documents of the SCO (the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and ASEAN (n the Declaration on the Establishment of ASEAN) define scientific and technical cooperation as one of the tasks of these regional organizations. The authors proceed from the fact that overcoming the obstacles to the development of modern society is unthinkable without reliance on scientific and technological progress, and therefore a joint search for solutions to problems that already exist today and may arise in the 21st century is necessary. The expansion of cooperation in the field of science and technology within the framework of the SCO has been defined as one of the areas of cooperation and an institutional mechanism for the interaction of member states has been created, in which a permanent working group on scientific and technical cooperation holds an important place. One of the significant results in creating the material base for joint research is the SCO University (SCOU). Its main goal is to give a new impetus to the expansion of multilateral educational, scientific and cultural cooperation. The article notes that ASEAN's scientific and technical research is not limited to internal projects. A significant role in the development of this area is played by documents and institutions in which Russia is involved

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 8(8), 2017 ; E-Government has been hype for the last 2 decades and still several implementations do not reach the intended success. Different definitions and consequently different models of operations and assessment were developed. This required the formulation of various frameworks describing the different perceptions and understandings of e-Government. The different frameworks proposed tend to agree on a set of elements, but each framework seems to have one or few different elements, depending on the perception of the framework founder. Also, entire categories (or dimensions) of elements seem to be left out. Through a literature review and field survey, the authors identified challenges of an e-Government initiative, categorized in five dimensions: technical, adoption, organizational, strategy and cultural. Not all categories were covered in any of the existing government frameworks. This would prove to be awkward in the formulation of new government initiatives or in the assessment of existing ones and evolution plan. In an effort to represent the majority of the factors and elements involved in most e-Government initiatives, the authors present a proposed seven-layer-framework for e-government. The layers included are: 1) end user access layer, 2) e-government layer, 3) organization layer, 4) national infrastructure layer, 5) strategic layer, 6) social cultural layer, and 7) national execution layer. The proposed model is compared with existing models and demonstrates that it covers all the aforementioned dimensions. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume8No8/Paper_23-A_7_Layered_E_Government_Framework.pdf

The growing role of information technology poses new challenges for the modern state, which include attempts by foreign agents to conduct cyber espionage against government agencies, companies and citizens, as well as the desire of the warring party to undermine important information infrastructure. The relevance of this topic is due to the increasing activity of the People's Republic of China in the global information space, as well as the actions of Chinese government services to ensure internal information security and the organization of cyber attacks on the information infrastructure. The purpose of this article is to assess the course pursued by China on ensuring information security, as well as to identify trends in the perception of threats to national security in the information sphere among representatives of the Chinese political elite. In this regard, the structures in the state apparatus of China that are in charge of this area are considered. Despite the noticeable actions of the representatives of the "fifth generation" of the leaders of the PRC in the aspect of cybersecurity, a single organization has not been formed in the state structure that would be responsible for developing a political course in the information sphere. In addition to the Central Military Council, the Communist Party of China and the State Council of the PRC are engaged in this. At the same time, the structure of the departments responsible for cybersecurity in the last two bodies copies the corresponding structure in the country's armed forces. A special place in ensuring China's cyberspace is given to the Central Leading Group on Cybersecurity and Informatization. The main aspects of protection against information and social threats include: The Golden Shield, the cyber security factor, and state Internet trolling. The study considers not only the political aspect of the issue, but also its technical part.

Crop production has become very efficient in developed countries. One factor that has contributed to this success is modern weed control tools. Cropping practices have changed considerably within the last century. Today, spring crops are grown on a much smaller scale in Europe than a hundred years ago. Oats and potatoes are minor crops whereas winter cereals and maize have become the most important crops of European agriculture. This fact combined with a high amount of manure from animal production had a much greater impact on biodiversity than herbicides. Efficient herbicides have been used against a number of weed species such as blackgrass or mayweed in cereals or barnyardgrass and lambsquarters in maize for almost forty years. None of these major weed problems, however, has disappeared. Weed species have physiologically adapted and have become resistant. The application of Council directive 91/414/EEC has resulted in a reduction of production tools for the farmer. With the implementation of regulation EC 107/2009 it can be expected that the number of active ingredients available to the farmer will be even more decreased. Also, the development of new herbicides will become more difficult for agrochemical companies. Farmers will have less tools to control weeds and will face a drastic increase of resistance problems. In consequence, ploughing and other mechanical tools will become necessary resulting in higher production costs and more economic pressure on farmers.Keywords: Biodiversity, changes in crop husbandry, landscape management, rare weeds, regulation on plant protection products, weed resistanceUnkrautbekämpfung im Spannungsfeld zwischen Anbauproblemen und politischen RahmenbedingungenDie Nahrungsmittelproduktion in modernen Industrieländern ist heute enorm effizient. Ein Faktor, der dazu maßgeblich beigetragen hat, ist die moderne Unkrautbekämpfung. Die Anbaumethoden haben sich allerdings während der letzten hundert Jahre drastisch geändert. Während vor hundert Jahren Sommerkulturen wie Hafer und Kartoffeln in einem viel größeren Ausmaß angebaut wurden, bestimmen heute Winterweizen, Wintergerste und Mais das Bild unserer Felder. Dieser Umstand und die erheblich gestiegene Menge an organischem Dünger durch eine erhöhte Tierproduktion verändern die Biodiversität auf landwirtschaftlich genutzten Feldern in einem weitaus größeren Ausmaß als z.B. die Anwendung von Herbiziden. Hoch wirksame Herbizide mit unterschiedlichen Wirkmechanismen werden seit nahezu vierzig Jahren gegen Unkräuter wie Ackerfuchsschwanz oder Kamille im Getreide und gegen Hühnerhirse oder Gänsefuß im Mais eingesetzt. Keines dieser Unkräuter ist aber vom Aussterben bedroht. Diese Unkräuter haben sich physiologisch angepasst und sind resistent gegen viele Herbizide geworden. Durch die gestiegenen Anforderungen an moderne Pflanzenschutzmittel wird für die chemische Industrie die Entwicklung neuer Herbizide immer aufwändiger und damit teurer. Die Anwendung der EU-Directive 91/414 hat zu einer deutlichen Reduktion der Produktionsmittel in der Landwirtschaft geführt. Es ist damit zu rechnen, dass die Umsetzung der neuen Richtlinie EC 1107/2009 eine weitere Reduktion von Pflanzenschutzmitteln nach sich zieht. Die Entwicklung neuer Produkte dürfte darüber hinaus schwieriger und teurer werden. Die wenigen verbleibenden Mittel werden häufiger eingesetzt und das Resistenzrisiko steigt. Unkrautresistenz stellt schon heute ein großes Problem für den Landwirt dar. Der Pflugeinsatz und andere mechanische Maßnahmen kommen wieder verstärkt zum Einsatz – mit allen Nachteilen für die Umwelt wie z.B. der Erosion. Die Nahrungsmittelproduktion könnte sich dadurch auch wieder verteuern.Stichwörter: Biodiversität, Kulturpflanzenspektrum, Landschaftspflege, Pflanzenschutzgesetzgebung, seltene Unkräuter, Unkrautresistenz

Abstract—This article investigates two cases of priority setting to explore how, in addition to technical considerations, ethical and political factors shape the allocation of health resources. First, we discuss how Thai authorities adjudicated a coverage decision for HLA-B*1502 screening, which meets the national cost-effectiveness threshold for only some of the conditions it can detect. Second, we consider England's Cancer Drugs Fund to investigate the interplay of technical decision making and political reality. Our findings suggest four concluding observations for policy makers and others considering priority-setting processes. First, we observe that different methods can produce conflicting recommendations, which makes priority setting very complex. Second, we suggest that robust processes for generating and weighing political, ethical, and technical evidence are essential because there is no absolute standard by which resource allocation decisions can be made. Third, priority setting is inherently political, and improving its technical and ethical validity means constructing political importance for these other factors. Fourth, we argue that transparency in the trade-offs required to set priorities is important ethically and can help build support politically.

Technological advance is often embodied in capital inputs, like computers, airplanes, and robots. This paper builds a framework where capital inputs advance through (i) increased automation and (ii) increased productivity. The interplay of these two innovation dimensions can produce balanced growth, satisfying the Uzawa Growth Theorem even though technological progress is capital-embodied. The framework can further address structural transformation, general-purpose technologies, the limited macroeconomic impact of computing, and declining productivity growth and labor shares. Overall, this tractable framework can help resolve puzzling tensions between micro-level observations of innovation and balanced growth while providing new perspectives on numerous macroeconomic phenomena. (JEL E22, E23, E24, E25, L16, O33, O41)