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This book focuses on three sources of pharmaceutical innovation: new management methods in the drug development pipeline, new technologies as enablers for cutting-edge R & D, and new forms of internationalisation, such as outside-in innovation in the early phases of R & D.

Abstract Research in pediatric pharmacology has undergone major changes in the last ten years, with an expansion in both publicly and privately funded activities. A number of pharmacokinetics studies and multi-site controlled efficacy trials have been conducted, so that treatment of children and adolescents can now be better informed and evidence-based. Regulatory financial incentives to industry in return for studies on drugs still covered by patent exclusivity have resulted in a substantial increase in pediatric research funded by pharmaceutical companies. In parallel, public funding has supported research on off-patent medications and other clinical important aspects of treatment, such as comparisons between active treatments, including non-pharmacological interventions. With greater interest by industry in pediatric research, the role of government funding agencies has been redefined to avoid duplication and ensure better integration of efforts and utilization of resources. The present review discusses some of the recent developments in pediatric pharmacology with focus on psychiatric medications.

Cover -- MEDICAL SCIENCE AND MEDICAL INDUSTRY -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction: Medicine and Technology -- 2 The Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry, 1818-90 -- 3 Company Structure and Scientific Medicine, 1890-95 -- 4 Public Health and Diphtheria Antitoxin, 1895-1900 -- 5 Selling Science: The H. K. Mulford Company -- 6 Science-based Industry: Scientific Disputes and Government Regulation -- 7 The Uses of Science -- 8 Scientific Commercialism: Salvarsan and the Dermatological Research Laboratories -- 9 Modern Medical Manufacturing, 1918-29 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- General Index -- Index of Names -- Index of Companies.

Abstract Background Several international forums for promoting clinical pharmacology in developing countries have been held since 1980, and several clinical pharmacology programmes targeting developing countries were instituted such that the status of clinical pharmacology in developing countries is not where it was 50 years ago. Therefore, a survey and an appraisal of the literature on the current status of clinical pharmacology in developing countries were undertaken with a hope that it would enable development of appropriate strategies for further promotion of clinical pharmacology in these countries. Methods First, nine determinants (or enabling factors) for running a successful clinical pharmacology programme were identified, i.e., disease burden, drug situation, economic growth, clinical pharmacology activities, recognition, human capital, government support, international collaboration, and support for traditional/alternative medicines. These factors were then evaluated with regard to their current status in the developing countries that responded to an electronic questionnaire, and their historical perspective, using the literature appraisal. From these, a projected trend was constructed with recommendations on the way forward. Results Clinical pharmacology services, research and teaching in developing countries have improved over the past 50 years with over 90% of countries having the appropriate policies for regulation and rational use of medicines in place. Unfortunately, policy implementation remains a challenge, owing to a worsening disease burden and drug situation, versus fewer clinical pharmacologists and other competing priorities for the national budgets. This has led to a preference for training 'a physician clinical pharmacologist' in programmes emphasizing local relevancy and for a shorter time, and the training of other professionals in therapeutics for endemic diseases (task shifting), as the most promising strategies of ensuring rational use of medicines. Conclusion Clinical pharmacology in developing countries is advancing in a different way to that in the developed world and continuing support for these efforts will go a long way in promoting improved health for all.

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Editors; Contributors; Section I: General; 1: Brief History and Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Warfare and Terrorism; Harry Salem, Andrew L. Ternay, Jr., and Jeffery K. Smart; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Before the Common Era: Chemical Warfare Agents in Ancient Times; 1.3 Chemical Warfare Agents in the Common Era to World War I; 1.4 Chemical Warfare Agents Used in World War I (1914-1918); 1.5 Chemical Warfare Agents between World War I and World War II; 1.6 Chemical Warfare Agents in World War II

When a foreign country's law is relevant to a case in U.S. federal court and the foreign country files an official statement about the meaning of its law, how should U.S. courts treat the foreign government's representations? In Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals Co., the Supreme Court of the United States held that "[a] federal court should accord respectful consideration to a foreign government's submission, but is not bound to accord conclusive effect to the foreign government's statements." In so doing, the Supreme Court settled a disagreement between the courts of appeals and reversed an opinion of the Second Circuit that had given conclusive effect to the Chinese government's representations about its domestic law. Animal Science Products provides important guidance to federal courts faced with increasingly frequent filings by foreign governments, but it leaves unresolved significant questions about deference to foreign sovereign amici and preserves existing debates about the nature of "respectful consideration."

The International Pharmaceutical Federation (F.I.P.) embodies pharmaceutical associations from 51 countries. More than 700,000 pharmacists are actively engaged in health care worldwide in various specialisations including: university (research and teaching), hospital, industry, community practice, military, clinical analysis, press and scientific documentation, official drug control laboratories, drug distribution, medicinal plants, etc. Each year F.I.P. organises an international congress with a participation of between 1,500 and 2,000 pharmacists for a discussion of the latest scientific and professional developments including the registration and quality control of pharmaceutical products on a worldwide level. ; N/A

Abstract This is a commentary piece on Marco Pavanini's article ' 'Multistability and Derrida's Différance: Investigating the Relations Between Postphenomenology and Stiegler's General Organology' in which I critically extend upon his comparative analysis of postphenomenology''s notion of multistability and Stiegler's conception of organology, focusing in particular on the pharmacological nature of Stiegler's organology and the latter's most recent re-interpretation of it in terms of entropy and negentropy. Among other things I show, and both are more intended as additions than criticisms with respect to Pavanini's very helpful comparison, (1) that the most important concern for Stiegler in theorizing technology is the fact that the transductive relations between the three organ systems distinguished in his pharmaco-organology of technology open up affective or libidinal circuits between these systems, i.e., circuits either of desire or drive depending on the way the pharmakon is adopted or not, and that these circuits are fundamentally noetic circuits vulnerable to denoetization; and (2) that these libidinal-noetic circuits as conditioned by technology should be interpreted in terms of entropy and negentropy. Both insights are lacking in postphenomenology, which generally fails to consider the irreducibly destitutive character of all technology, rightfully emphasized by Pavanini, since it lacks a genuine pharmacological awareness.