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AbstractPersons with intellectual disabilities (ID) have twice as many health problems than the general public. The author discusses evidence‐based research on prevalence and best treatment of primary and secondary health problems in persons with ID. Citing the pan‐European Pomona project, European data were collected on training for health professionals regarding health of persons with ID. International cooperation in research and transport of expertise through exchange of students and professionals in this field are recommended.

Abstract  Self‐reports are often used to determine general well‐being in both research studies and practice settings. Proxy reports are also used to gain insight into the well‐being of persons with physical ill‐heath, cognitive impairments, or disabilities. The author reviews the utility and limitations of using self‐ and proxy reports across three populations: older adults, persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). For differing reasons, the use of self‐ and proxy reports often results in inaccuracies. Among older adults, the level of subjectivity in questions, type of relationship, and levels of carer burden may influence the outcomes, while increasing severity of dementia and decreased deficit awareness may affect data from persons with AD, and question formats, acquiescence, and level of intellectual development may affect data from persons with ID. However, generally, proxy reports can be useful in determining aspects of well‐being in people with ID, in people with AD, and in the general older population, as long as researchers keep in mind that factors that can enhance (e.g., experiences/abilities that are more objectively assessed, and attention to question format) or diminish (e.g., experiences/abilities that are more subjectively assessed, severity of dementia, and level of ID) the quality of information obtained. With respect to the use of these techniques with people with ID, the author concludes that careful attention to survey items, especially response format and wording, can greatly enhance self‐report completion and proxy concordance.

This article examines experimental/contrast group and longitudinal studies of the changes in adaptive behavior associated with moving from state institutions to small (15 or fewer people) community living arrangements for persons with mental retardation. It reviews 15 research reports, including 18 separate studies with 1358 subjects that met specific criterion for design and recency. It summarizes outcomes in the areas of overall adaptive behavior, seven specific domains of adaptive behavior, and overall problem behavior. All eight of the experimental/contrast group studies, and 5 of the 10 longitudinal studies reported statistically significant improvement in either overall adaptive behavior or in the basic self-help/domestic domain associated with movement to the community. All 18 studies reported at least some improvement for groups moving from institutions to community living arrangements.

The right to vote and be elected is a constitutional right of citizens who are recognized as part of the rights to the same position in law and government. Elections are a very important momentum, in fact, the Election still often raises problems for persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities are a group of persons with disabilities who most need special facilities so that they can choose independently so they can fulfill the principle of elections, namely Direct, General, Free and Confidential and Honest and Fair. So that the political rights of persons with disabilities have not been maximally fulfilled through the provision of accessibility in elections for them. This research is normative legal research. By using several methods of approach, namely: Legislative approach (statute approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach), case approach (case approach). The results of the study show that the provision of accessibility space, not only on the momentum of giving rights (giving ballots to be tested) to persons with disabilities on voting days and hours in elections but giving accessibility to persons with disabilities in elections was given since the stages of election implementation were echoed. Ideally, Disabled Persons must have access as election organizers as well as election participants. The accessibility of persons with disabilities should not only be given to access rights as voters on the day and time of voting. ; The right to vote and be elected is a constitutional right of citizens who are recognized as part of the rights to the same position in law and government. Elections are a very important momentum, in fact, the Election still often raises problems for persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities are a group of persons with disabilities who most need special facilities so that they can choose independently so they can fulfill the principle of elections, namely Direct, General, Free and Confidential and Honest and Fair. So that the political rights of persons with ...