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The use of technology for workplace and occupational testing blossomed in the early years of this century. This book offers a demonstration that the first generation of these technologies have now been implemented long enough to observe the patterns and issues that emerge when these approaches evolve through technical advancement and successive application. A new set of issues and opportunities has emerged and the next generation of these applications is now coming of age. This book reflects on the last few decades of this evolutionary process from a vantage point of global experience across a wide range of workplace applications, including employment selection, development, and occupational certification. The themes and issues that arise as this broad treatment unfolds provide an essential foundation for students, researchers, and professionals who are involved with the assessment of human capability and potential in organizational and workplace contexts

PurposeWhile women perform as well as their male counterparts at work, women are drastically underrepresented in the onboarding process to senior leadership. The link between occupational self-efficacy and the role it may play in how men and women make decisions about work has not been done. The purpose of this study is to examine potential differences of occupational self-efficacy, career aspirations and work engagement between women and men.Design/methodology/approachOnline surveys were created and sent out as emails and on social network sites including Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.FindingsFindings indicate that occupational self-efficacy has positive effect on career aspirations of women in the workplace. Further, there was no statistically significant difference between occupational self-efficacy and work engagement between men and women. However, men were found to have statistically significantly higher career aspirations than women do.Research limitations/implicationsWhile men and women do not differ in occupational self-efficacy or work engagement, men do have higher career aspirations than women do. Although women may believe they can accomplish challenging tasks in the workplace, it does not mean this belief is acted upon.Practical implicationsThe study highlights the importance of occupational self-efficacy and its relation to career aspirations. Individuals who are high in occupational self-efficacy may set their own path in advancing within their career. However, individuals who are low or moderate in occupational self-efficacy may require further encouragement and development using additional resources as a catalyst for advancement guidance. While no differences were found between men and women in occupational self-efficacy, human resource practitioners should develop those individuals who are low or moderate in occupational self-efficacy with coaching, training and/or mentoring to build leadership capacity, increase self-efficacy and career-planning acumen.Social implicationsMen and women behave differently when seeking career advancement and in their career aspirations. For men, advancement is linked to performance whereas women use a multi-pronged approach focusing on preparing for career success and building role competency. Differences in strategy for advancement mean men will actively engage in behaviors to advance even when they do not have the knowledge or experience to perform in the new role. Conversely, women seek to feel competent in a work role prior to seeking it out. Finding ways to mentor women toward higher self-efficacy for their next career advancement will benefit organizations overall.Originality/valueResearch examining the role of occupational self-efficacy and its relation to career aspirations does not exist in comparing men and women.

Two alternative hypotheses to account for the large %s of US military officers who are members of highly structured faiths &/or sons of particular sorts of fathers -- "conversion" & "predisposition" -- were tested. Using data on father's occupation & religious affiliation of entering cadets & midshipmen of the Naval Academy's class of 1920 & the Military Academy's class of 1946, & controlling for each background variable, it was found that when father's occupation & son's religious affiliation were ordered in a particular, systematic ranking, each rank-ordered variable was statistically significant in predicting the success (graduation & attainment of rank) of these cadets & midshipmen. These findings were compared with Morris Janowitz's data on the religious affiliations of admirals in the 1950s (The Professional Soldier, Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960) to determine that both hypotheses had substantial validity. 3 Tables. Modified HA.

This paper documents the changes in the occupational allocation of native and foreign-born women between 1970 and 1980 and decomposes the observed changes into an industry shift, and intra-industry occupational recomposition shift, and an interaction of these two main effects. Our finding that the allocation of immigrant women into two blue-collar occupations (laborers and farm laborers) and immigrant men into four blue-collar occupations (operatives, service workers, laborers and farm laborers) increased at a faster rate than the growth of the immigrant workforce indicates the advancement of a process of occupational succession whereby immigrants are channeled into jobs vacated by domestic workers. This interpretation is particularly suggested for the expansion of immigrant workers in the operative (men only) and farm laborer (both men and women) occupations because employment has declined continuously in these job categories since World War II.

The companion text to Occupational Therapy without Borders - Volume 1: learning from the spirit of survivors!In this landmark text writers from around the world discuss a plurality of occupation-based approaches that explicitly acknowledge the full potential of the art and science of occupational therapy. The profession is presented as a political possibilities-based practice, concerned with what matters most to people in real life contexts, generating practice-based evidence to complement evidence-based practice. As these writers demonstrate, occupational therapies are far more than, as some critical views have suggested, a monoculture of practice rooted in Western modernity. Nobel Peace Laureate Desmond Tutu captures the ethos of this book, which essentially calls for engagements in the service of a purpose that is larger than the advancement of our profession's interests: 'Your particular approach to advancing our wellbeing and health strikes me as both unique and easily taken for granted. Whilst you value and work with medical understandings, your main aim seems to go beyond these. You seem to enable people to appreciate more consciously how what we do to and with ourselves and others on a daily basis impacts on our individual and collective wellbeing. As occupational therapists you have a significant contribution to make [.] allowing people from all walks of life to contribute meaningfully to the wellbeing of others.'Links philosophy with practical examples of engaging people in ordinary occupations of daily life as a means of enabling them to transform their own livesIncludes contributions from worldwide leaders in occupational therapy research and practiceDescribes concrete initiatives in under-served and neglected populationsLooks at social and political mechanisms that influence people's access to useful and meaningful occupationChapters increase diversity of contributions - geographically, culturally and politicallyEmphasis on practice, education and research maintains academic credibilityA glossary and practical examples in nearly every chapter make text more accessible to students

ABSTRACT The race category is not part of the tradition of scientific production in Occupational Health (OH) in Brazil. In general, studies of ethnic-racial relations and work refer to barriers to accessing the labor/employment market and career advancement, and discriminatory and prejudiced relationships and actions in work environments, most of which come from the field of social sciences. Contributing to this scenario is the fact that health information systems have only recently been concerned with collecting and qualifying racial data. Likewise, race still remains invisible in OH training and stricto sensu postgraduate courses. This experience report aims to present a reflection on the recent inclusion of a class on social markers and work in a public health postgraduate program, analyzing significant aspects of teaching practice and the challenges of incorporating race and other axes of power and oppression into the debate in the field of OH. Faced with social inequalities and injustices in a structurally racist society like Brazil, there is no way for OH to disregard racism in the production of knowledge about work and its incorporation in the debate aimed at overcoming capitalism that exploits, sickens, and kills black workers.

During the 1920s and 1930s, New Zealand Catholics often characterised themselves as a relatively poor community, and mostly engaged in low paid, unskilled employment. In the 1970s, reflecting on the Church fifty years earlier, historian Ernest Simmons claimed that Catholics tried to explain their relative lack of social and career advancement by blaming the Masons and other opponents and by creating 'a myth that Catholics had always been poor'. In his seminal 1990 work on the Irish in New Zealand, Donald Akenson attempted to debunk this myth, declaring that 'the dead centre normality of Irish Catholics is striking' and that they were 'typical of the New Zealand occupational distribution'.

This article explores the process and meaning of occupational mobility among a selected sample of 40 immigrant and nonimmigrant women of Mexican descent in the San Francisco Bay Area who entered the secondary labor market of semiskilled clerical, service, and operative jobs in 1978-1979 and 1980-1981. This labor market was segmented along race and gender lines with few promotional ladders available as the work force became more nonwhite and female. When Chicanas and Mexicanas obtained jobs with fewer Chicano coworkers and greater avenues for advancement, they reported escalating conflictual social relations at work. Occupational mobility contained both objective and subjective dimensions for the respondents. Often a woman felt mobile in a job that lacked the means for advancement because she compared herself to a local Chicano or Mexicano working-class reference group and a self-concept rooted in her class, race, and gender.

This article moves beyond current understandings of family- and school-related dynamics used to explain the educational and occupational success of low-income immigrant children to investigate the role of cultural capital acquired in the country of origin. Class-related forms of knowledge obtained prior to migration can become invaluable assets in areas of destination through the realization of what Pierre Boutdieu calls habitus, that is, a series of embodied dispositions deployed by individuals in their pursuit of set objectives. Although the concept has attracted prolonged attention, the mechanisms by which the habitus is fulfilled remain unspecified. Here, the author proposes and examines three of those mechanisms: (1) cognitive correspondence, (2) positive emulation, and (3) active recollection. This study shows that class-related resources, such as education, self-definition, and remembrance of nation and ancestry play an important function, shaping youthful expectations and behaviors, and protecting the children of low-income immigrants from downward mobility.

Objectives: To provide perspectives from the HEAT-SHIELD project (www.heat-shield.eu): a multi-national, inter-sectoral, and cross-disciplinary initiative, incorporating twenty European research institutions, as well as occupational health and industrial partners, on solutions to combat negative health and productivity effects caused by working on a warmer world. Methods: In this invited review, we focus on the theoretical and methodological advancements developed to combat occupational heat stress during the last five years of operation. Results: We outline how we created climate forecast models to incorporate humidity, wind and solar radiation to the traditional temperature-based climate projections, providing the basis for timely, policy-relevant, industry-specific and individualized information. Further, we summarise the industry-specific guidelines we developed regarding technical and biophysical cooling solutions considering effectiveness, cost, sustainability, and the practical implementation potential in outdoor and indoor settings, in addition to field-testing of selected solutions with time-motion analyses and biophysical evaluations. All recommendations were adjusted following feedback from workshops with employers, employees, safety officers, and adjacent stakeholders such as local or national health policy makers. The cross-scientific approach was also used for providing policy-relevant information based on socioeconomic analyses and identification of vulnerable regions considered to be more relevant for political actions than average continental recommendations and interventions. Discussion: From the HEAT-SHIELD experiences developed within European settings, we discuss how this inter-sectoral approach may be adopted or translated into actionable knowledge across continents where workers and societies are affected by escalating environmental temperatures.

Routine-biased technological change has emerged as a leading explanation for the differential wage growth of routine occupations, such as manufacturers or office clerks, relative to less routine occupations. Less clear, however, is how the effects of technological advancement on occupational wage trends vary across political-institutional context. This paper investigates the extent to which collective bargaining agreements and union coverage shape the relative wage growth of occupations at higher risk of automation. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the U.S. Current Population Survey, I measure the 'routine task intensity' of occupations across 15 OECD Member States and the 50 United States from the 1980s onward. Findings suggest that bargaining coverage is more consequential for the wage growth of high routine occupations relative to less routine occupations, and that high routine occupations lose coverage at a faster rate when bargaining coverage at the national level declines. As a result, declines in bargaining coverage within a country are associated with declining relative wage growth for occupations at higher risk of automation. Estimates suggest that had union coverage in the U.S. not declined from 1984 levels, the earnings of high routine occupations might have grown at the same rate as low pay occupations between 1984 and 2015, rather than experiencing a relative wage decline. However, the findings also suggest that gains in the relative wage growth may increasingly come at the cost of reduced employment shares of high routine occupations.

The present article explores the perceived role of work and proficiency in a second or additional language(s) among a group of Chinese migrant women learning Spanish in Andalusia. The enrolment of Chinese adult learners in language upgrading programmes in immersion contexts is relatively low, as Chinese expatriates tend to establish close‐knit, socio‐culturally elusive communities whose interactions with local residents are often limited to work‐related purposes. The distinctiveness of this ethnographic work lies in its focus on women who, having resided in southern Spain for extended periods and aiming to emancipate themselves from male family referents, have only recently sought greater inclusion in Spanish society. Through in‐depth interviews, these women's prospects for professional advancement and self‐employment are also identified, albeit subsidiarily, among the reasons for pursuing higher levels of linguistic competence. The results point to a desire to develop higher levels of competence in linguistic, civic, and socio‐cultural literacies to expand their social networks and engage more actively in the communities where they currently live. Avoiding vulnerability to potential deception in the workplace and administrative settings, coupled with the need to participate in better‐informed decision‐making at the personal level, is also highlighted as contributory factors to their willingness to pursue multiliteracies in linguistic, civic, and occupational areas. The conclusions point to a mismatch between the training aspirations of these women and the curricula of the courses available to them within a Chinese educational organisation, whose focus lies almost entirely on the development and reinforcement of linguistic skills.

This article moves beyond current understandings of family- and school-related dynamics used to explain the educational and occupational success of low-income immigrant children to investigate the role of cultural capital acquired in the country of origin. Class-related forms of knowledge obtained prior to migration can become invaluable assets in areas of destination through the realization of what Pierre Boutdieu calls habitus, that is, a series of embodied dispositions deployed by individuals in their pursuit of set objectives. Although the concept has attracted prolonged attention, the mechanisms by which the habitus is fulfilled remain unspecified. Here, the author proposes and examines three of those mechanisms: (1) cognitive correspondence, (2) positive emulation, and (3) active recollection. This study shows that class-related resources, such as education, self-definition, and remembrance of nation and ancestry play an important function, shaping youthful expectations and behaviors, and protecting the children of low-income immigrants from downward mobility. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2008 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Der Begriff der "sozialen Dimension" rückt auch in hochschulpolitischen Dokumenten immer stärker ins Zentrum. Als Ziel wird formuliert, bislang unterrepräsentierten gesellschaftlichen Gruppen vermehrt den Hochschulzugang sowie einen erfolgreichen Studienabschluss zu ermöglichen. Doch was verstehen hochschulpolitische Strategiepapiere unter "Chancengleichheit"? Welche Fördermaßnahmen werden tatsächlich (um-)gesetzt? Wer wird in der Praxis der Zielgruppe zugerechnet? Der vorliegende Beitrag sucht im Kontext des Forschungsprojekts "Chill die Basis: Förderung von nicht-traditionellen Studierenden" am Hochschulstandort Tirol nach Antworten auf diese Fragen. Dabei wird in der Gegenüberstellung von nationalen Vorgaben/Anforderungen und der konkreten lokal-institutionellen Umsetzung/Praxis sichtbar, dass die Akteurinnen und Akteure dem Druck unterliegen, Wirksames hervorzubringen, indessen der präskriptive Rahmen wenig handlungsanleitend ist. Das Fazit der AutorInnen fällt ernüchternd aus: Was als Unterstützung für Benachteiligte begann, endet in einer Verschleierung spezifischer Benachteiligungsformen und der Unterordnung unter den Imperativ des größten Nutzens für alle Studierenden. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The focus of documents on university policy is shifting more and more to the concept of the "social dimension". The objective is to provide previously underrepresented groups in society with greater access to tertiary education and enable them to complete their studies successfully. Yet what do university policy strategy papers understand "equal opportunity" to be? What support initiatives are actually being implemented? Who is seen as belonging to the target group for all practical purposes? This article attempts to answer these questions in the context of the university funded project "Chill die Basis: Förderung von nicht-traditionellen Studierenden" (Just Chill: Supporting Non-traditional Students) at universities located in the federal state of Tyrol. From the comparison of national standards/requirements and the specific local and institutional implementation/practice, it is apparent that course developers are subject to pressure to deliver something effective, yet the prescriptive framework is hardly conducive to action. The conclusion of the authors is sobering: what began as support for disadvantaged groups leads to a covering up of specific forms of discrimination and the subordination of initiatives so as to achieve the greatest benefit for all students. (DIPF/Orig.)

Objectives: To provide perspectives from the HEAT-SHIELD project (www.heat-shield.eu): a multinational, inter-sectoral, and cross-disciplinary initiative, incorporating twenty European research institutions, as well as occupational health and industrial partners, on solutions to combat negative health and productivity effects caused by working on a warmer world. Methods: In this invited review, we focus on the theoretical and methodological advancements developed to combat occupational heat stress during the last five years of operation. Results: We outline how we created climate forecast models to incorporate humidity, wind and solar radiation to the traditional temperature-based climate projections, providing the basis for timely, policy-relevant, industry-specific and individualized information. Further, we summarise the industry-specific guidelines we developed regarding technical and biophysical cooling solutions considering effectiveness, cost, sustainability, and the practical implementation potential in outdoor and indoor settings, in addition to field-testing of selected solutions with time-motion analyses and biophysical evaluations. All recommendations were adjusted following feedback from workshops with employers, employees, safety officers, and adjacent stakeholders such as local or national health policy makers. The cross-scientific approach was also used for providing policy-relevant information based on socioeconomic analyses and identification of vulnerable regions considered to be more relevant for political actions than average continental recommendations and interventions. Discussion: From the HEAT-SHIELD experiences developed within European settings, we discuss how this inter-sectoral approach may be adopted or translated into actionable knowledge across continents where workers and societies are affected by escalating environmental temperatures. ; The study has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No 668786