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This paper presents findings from our longitudinal study of food environments in two exemplary, contrasting urban neighborhoods in Downtown Albany, New York. The "minority neighborhood" (74% racial/ethnic minority population) is a "food desert" by the United States Department of Agriculture's definition, whereas the adjacent "mixed neighborhood" (33% minority population) is not. The long‐term trend analysis (1970–2018) of the macro‐level food environment found that although the minority neighborhood lost all supermarkets and remains supermarket‐less since the late 1990s, the mixed neighborhood was able to retain several supermarkets and since 2008, it gained a new supermarket every 3–5 years. The medium‐term trend analysis (2003–2015) of the micro‐level food environment revealed a more complex picture of changing food environments. The total number of food stores in the minority neighborhood increased in much greater rates than the mixed neighborhood in the 12‐year period, and accordingly, the standardized availability measures for "any" fresh fruits and fresh vegetables increased significantly in the minority neighborhood. The standardized availability measure for adequate (five or more) varieties of nutritionally desirable fresh fruits and vegetables, however, did not increase in the minority neighborhood. Because the mixed neighborhood saw steady increases in such measures, disparities between the two neighborhoods grew incrementally and reached the highest point (rate ratio of over 5.0) in 2015. In this paper, there are also sections to provide historical and contextual background of our food environment research, as well as discussion on intervention ideas to address the disparities in fresh produce availability focusing on ethnic markets.

Abstract
We focus on complexity from the comparative variationist perspective, a sociolinguistic approach that examines variable aspects of language (that is, different ways of saying the same thing). Arguably, variable elements are harder to acquire than categorical ones, as a Variability Matrix must be acquired along with every element. This matrix contains probabilistic information about when each form is (more) appropriate, according to an array of factors. These include inter-speaker (social) and intra-speaker (linguistic context) predictors. We ask how the Variability Matrix for predictors of a variable compares between heritage speakers (people living in a context where their language is a minority language) and homeland speakers (people living in a context where their language is a majority language), and how these can fairly be compared.
In the variationist approach, multivariate regression analyses reveal the predictors (and levels within each predictor) of a response or dependent variable and their corresponding Variability Matrices. However, the variationist field lacks an established comparative methodology to determine how/if varieties differ. One shortcoming is that different-sized samples are often compared, implicating different levels of statistical significance even when the populations' patterns are identical.
Comparison of variable patterns in Heritage and Homeland Cantonese illustrates one solution. We revise analyses conducted previously of two morphosyntactic variables: prodrop and classifiers (Nagy, 2015; Nagy & Lo, 2019) in Cantonese, applying a bootstrap procedure to mitigate issues associated with unequal-sized datasets frequent in studies of minority and endangered varieties.
From these analyses, we learn that heritage and homeland grammars' degrees of complexity are similar: the matrices of (significant) frequencies are the same size. This approach allows us to consider not just which surface forms constitute the heritage vs. homeland varieties, but also the complexity of the decision-making process the speakers apply in selecting among the forms. As one might expect, heritage and homeland speakers are capable of equally complex processes.

This book explores the dynamics of language and social change in central Europe in the context of the end of the Cold War and eastern expansion of the European Union. One outcome of the profound social transformations in central Europe since the Second World War has been the reshaping of the relationship between particular languages and linguistic varieties, especially between 'national' languages and regional or ethnic minority languages. Previous studies have investigated these transformed relationships from the macro perspective of language policies, while others have taken more fine-graine

Broadly defined, postcolonial criticism is the examination of the effects of colonialism on societies. Its purpose is to analyze the ways through which "powerful" cultures dominated the third World nations. On the other hand, these nations have certain reactions to the attempts mentioned. As an area of study which embodies cultural awareness, postcolonial theory attempts to make the related parties realize the construction of an inferiority felt by the colonized and lead a struggle for gaining cultural, social and political voice, which necessitates an understanding of the existing cultural hybridity. Edward Said and Gayatri Chakraworty Spivak are two of the critics whose ideas on post colonialism should be referred to in this respect. This paper aims to shed light on the colonial features in Chinua Achebe's novel, Things Fall Apart, presenting a postcolonial approach to the novel by drawing on the two critics' ideas. Said holds an opposition to marginalization of literary theory, asserting that such a practice expands the differentiation between literature and the world and it becomes harder for critics to examine the literature of the "other". Meanwhile, Spivak defends that not only U.S. and European literatures but also literatures of the Southern cultures should be taken into consideration for analysis. She pinpoints the linguistic distinctions of minority cultures and states that contemporary criticism misses the variances in them. Achebe's prominence as a writer due to the postcolonial themes he introduced and his literary devices serving for his nation's recognition result in the fact that his novel comes forth as a significant example of the common point Said and Spivak argue for; cultural varieties are to be kept and protected.

Today human right is of great importance. The existence of different minorities such as lingual, ethnic, racial, and religious minorities with different tendencies derived from different civilizations and cultures has brought about social and cultural varieties and differences in each country and also the emergence of this variety has resulted in the development of variety in a specific culture and ceremony in different countries. On the other hand, each country as a member of international society has to observe norms and principles accepted by international society. In other words, although preparation of constitution of each country depends on exclusive qualification of the country's people and government, it does not mean they are free in each law because international legitimacy of each country's government and constitution depends on observation of the accepted principles and the governing rules in international law. The subject of minorities was first introduced in Vienna Congress and today different minorities live in different countries. In international documents and treaties, a precise definition of minority has not been provided. The present article seeks to interpret minority rights according to international law and investigate minority rights in international law by using international documents.

AbstractThis study explores convergence in subject position in U.S. Southwest Spanish at the outset of its extensive contact with English. The data analyzed come from two Spanish newspapers published in Tucson, Arizona, in the years following the city's annexation to the United States through the Gadsden Purchase in 1854:El Fronterizo(1878–1914) andEl Tucsonense(1915–1957). During this period of early language contact, the Hispanic population in Tucson faced a gradual process of anglicization that changed its status from majority in 1880 (63.8%) to minority in 1940 (29.9%). If there were structural convergence between the languages at stake, then there should be an English-driven gradual decrease across time in the postverbal subject use exhibited in the newspapers studied, as heritage varieties of Spanish develop. However, regressions with Rbrul show that, in the period analyzed, the probability of using postverbal subjects was not affected by the passing of time. Moreover, regression analyses show that the linguistic constraints affecting subject position in historical Tucson Spanish are basically the same that condition the variable in contemporary varieties: absence of a postverbal phrase, sentential subjects, presence of a preverbal phrase, unaccusative verbs, animate subjects and heavy subjects. This study also shows that the weakest factor groups in contemporary varieties of Spanish started their declining process at least a century ago.

Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this book examines the intersection of race and ethnic relations and the life course. The essays in the volume thus reflect varieties of qualitative and quantitative methods in order to look at how these variables shape social organization and the experiences of those who live within the boundaries of society. The essays include works that use semi-structured interviews, ethnographies, and auto-ethnographies to inform the analysis of race, ethnicity and the life course.

"Globalisation, migration, and (de-)secularisation have fundamentally transformed the concepts of religion, state, and law during the last decades. The main goal of this interdisciplinary approach is to clarify the multifaceted theoretical and practical challenges of religious diversity and socio-political pluralism in Europe. In twenty-two chapters, the contributions to this volume revisit basic concepts, structures and institutional settings such as sovereignty, the dogma of the separation of state, church and/or religion; human and minority rights; gender and religion; varieties of fundamentalisms, interreligious dialogue and peacebuilding and, not least, religious education"--

The exercise of 'hard power' -- military muscle and economic might -- in the 21st century increasingly carries the threat of global disapproval, while the use of 'soft power' lends itself more easily to the Information Age and is becoming a more important asset. China and India appear to be learning this lesson in different ways. Soft power is not about conquering others, but about being yourself; projecting your cultural values on to the global consciousness, either deliberately through the conscious cultivation of foreign publics, or unwittingly through perceptions that emerge from the global mass media. The roots of India's soft power run deep. India's is a civilization that over millennia has offered refuge and religious and cultural freedom to Jews, Parsis, several varieties of Christians, and Muslims. We are a land of rich diversities: I have often observed that we are all minorities in India. Adapted from the source document.

The sociolinguistic concept of an Ausbau language is widely thought of as exclusively associated with the standardization of languages for the political and social purposes of nation states. Language policy initiated by state institutions, the development of literacy and new specialist registers of language are typical elements involved in the Ausbau process. However, the linguistic ideologies of small language groups such as those of the minority languages of Aboriginal Australia can drive certain forms of deliberate language elaboration. An important aspect of Aboriginal linguistic ideology is language diversity, reflected in the development of elemental sociolinguistic varieties such as patrician lects. In the Bininj Kun-wok dialect chain of western Arnhem Land, a regional system of lectal differentiation known as Kun-dangwok has developed, reflecting an Aboriginal linguistic ideology whereby being different, especially different ways of speaking, are seen as central aspects of identity. The functions of the Kun-dangwok clan led system are described using examples of naturally occurring conversation which provide evidence that clan lects are the result of an Ausbau process that results in the opposite of language standardization and an increase in Abstand between varieties.

The sociolinguistic concept of an Ausbau language is widely thought of as exclusively associated with the standardization of languages for the political and social purposes of nation states. Language policy initiated by state institutions, the development of literacy and new specialist registers of language are typical elements involved in the Ausbau process. However, the linguistic ideologies of small language groups such as those of the minority languages of Aboriginal Australia can drive certain forms of deliberate language elaboration. An important aspect of Aboriginal linguistic ideology is language diversity, reflected in the development of elemental sociolinguistic varieties such as patrician lects. In the Bininj Kun-wok dialect chain of western Arnhem Land, a regional system of lectal differentiation known as Kun-dangwok has developed, reflecting an Aboriginal linguistic ideology whereby being different, especially different ways of speaking, are seen as central aspects of identity. The functions of the Kun-dangwok clan led system are described using examples of naturally occurring conversation which provide evidence that clan lects are the result of an Ausbau process that results in the opposite of language standardization and an increase in Abstand between varieties.

La producción de aceite en Galicia como actividad generalizada es históricamente constatable hasta el siglo XVIII. A partir de ese momento comienza su declive hasta casi su desaparición. Fue a partir de bien entrada la década de los noventa cuando se produjo un tímido auge de la actividad olivarera en esta comunidad, con la recuperación de olivos centenarios y/o la plantación de nuevas variedades. En la actualidad, perduran y conviven estas dos políticas en cuanto al cultivo del olivo. Por un lado, se está fomentando la plantación de variedades principales, Arbequina y/o Picual, con la finalidad de alcanzar una producción oleícola intensiva a corto plazo. Por otro lado, se están recuperando olivos centenarios de las variedades conocidas por los olivicultores de la zona como Brava y Mansa para elaborar aceites de oliva gallegos con un valor añadido. Para proteger y garantizar el valor añadido de los aceites elaborados con ejemplares de olivo centenarios ha sido necesario, en primer lugar, identificar correctamente este material vegetal mediante técnicas moleculares para demostrar que no se trata de variedades registradas en el Banco de Germoplasma Mundial del Olivo (BGMO) de la Universidad de Córdoba. Mayoritariamente el perfil molecular de las muestras coincidió con el de la variedad Brava, actualmente en fase de registro. Únicamente el perfil de dos muestras no pudo asociarse a ninguna de las variedades incluidas en dicho BGMO. Este hecho puede deberse a que sean variedades autóctonas, o bien a variedades conocidas pero sin introducir todavía en el BGMO. El aceite de oliva virgen se caracteriza, entre otros atributos, por su aroma asociado a la presencia minoritaria de compuestos volátiles que se transfieren al aceite, en gran medida, desde la molienda del fruto. Comprobar si el perfil aromático de las aceitunas se puede extrapolar a su correspondiente aceite, permitiría evaluar el potencial aromático de cada variedad previo a la elaboración del aceite. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se ha demostrado que el perfil aromático de las aceitunas no es extrapolable al de sus aceites puesto que la actividad de las enzimas endógenas a lo largo del proceso de elaboración es el principal factor que determina la síntesis de los compuestos volátiles más relevantes del aroma. La actividad de estas enzimas se puede modular variando distintos parámetros durante el proceso de elaboración, siendo los más importantes la temperatura y el tiempo de la etapa de batido. Los valores de estos parámetros pueden afectar a la composición minoritaria de los aceites, incluyendo también a los compuestos fenólicos. La elección de la combinación temperatura/tiempo de batido dependerá de si se prioriza su funcionalidad o su aroma, además de estar supeditada al rendimiento de la extracción. En general, la formación de compuestos volátiles C6 se ha visto favorecida por tiempos de batido largos (90 minutos) y temperaturas bajas (20oC), mientras que la formación de compuestos C5 no siguió una tendencia tan evidente. En cuanto a los compuestos fenólicos, éstos se han generado en mayor cantidad a temperaturas más elevadas (30oC) y tiempos más bajos (30 minutos) para las variedades estudiadas. Se ha observado, por tanto, una correlación inversamente proporcional en la formación de estos dos grupos de compuestos minoritarios. La calidad sensorial de los aceites elaborados con variedades principales está ampliamente evaluada y reconocida. Sin embargo, los aceites de oliva virgen obtenidos a partir de variedades no clasificadas hasta el momento podrían presentar características diferentes, e incluso superiores a éstos. Si ello se demuestra, no solo se podría facilitar la elaboración de aceites monovarietales de estas variedades minoritarias sino que además se podrían diseñar nuevos aceites resultantes de procesos de molienda con variedades principales y/o coupage de sus aceites. En el desarrollo de estos nuevos aceites, la co-molienda de aceitunas Brava/Mansa con Arbequina o Picual así como el coupage de aceites aumentaron significativamente las series odorantes principales que conforman el perfil sensorial de los aceites y, al mismo tiempo, su funcionalidad debido al incremento de los compuestos fenólicos. En relación a la funcionalidad de los aceites, la Comisión Europea aprobó recientemente la alegación de propiedad saludable, "los polifenoles del aceite de oliva contribuyen a la protección de los lípidos de la sangre frente al daño oxidativo", para aquellos aceites que contengan al menos 5 mg de hidroxitirosol y sus derivados/por 20 gramos de aceite de oliva virgen. La funcionalidad de estos aceites se podría potenciar si se demuestra que se alcanzan estos valores y si, al mismo tiempo, se desarrolla una herramienta simple y rápida para su cuantificación que pueda ofrecerse al sector oleícola. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de un protocolo analítico sencillo y validado demostraron que los aceites elaborados a partir de las aceitunas Brava/Mansa satisfacen los requisitos exigidos por el marco de la Unión Europea para poder indicar en su etiquetado la declaración de propiedad saludable, superando incluso el umbral establecido en la legislación. ; Olive oil production in Galicia as a widespread activity is historically visible until the eighteenth century. From that moment it begins its descent to near extinction. It was not until well into the nineties when there was a boom in olive oil production in this community, with the recovery of ancient olive trees and/or the planting of new varieties. Currently, they endure and live with the following policies regarding olive cultivation. On the one hand, the planting of leading varieties, such as Arbequina and/or Picual, is encouraged in order to achieve an intensive olive oil production in a short amount of time. On the other hand, olive trees of the varieties known to olive growers in the area as Brava and Mansa are being recovered to develop Galician olive oils with an added value. To protect and guarantee the added value of olive oils made with specimens of ancient olive trees, it was first necessary to properly identify this plant material using molecular techniques to show that it is not registered in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba (BGMO) of the University of Cordoba. The molecular profile of the samples mainly matched that of the Brava variety, which is currently undergoing registration. Only two sample profiles could not be associated with any of the varieties listed in that BGMO. This may be because they are indigenous varieties, or possibly well-known varieties, which still haven't been added to the BGMO. Virgin olive oil is characterized, among other attributes, by its aroma, which is associated with the minority presence of volatile compounds that are transferred when the fruit is crushed. Checking if the aromatic profile of the olives can be matched to its corresponding oil would allow the aromatic potential of each variety to be assessed before the oil production process begins. Based on the results, it has been shown that the flavor profile of olives cannot be matched to their oils since the activity of endogenous enzymes throughout the process is the main factor determining the synthesis of the most important volatile compounds in the aroma. The activity of these enzymes can be modified by varying different parameters during the process, the most important being the temperature and time of the malaxation step. The values of these parameters can affect the minority oil composition including the phenolic compounds. The combination of temperature/time malaxation will depend on whether its functionality or aroma is prioritized, in addition to being subject to extraction yield. In general, the formation of C6 volatile compounds has been favored by long malaxation times (90 minutes) and low temperature (20°C), while the formation of C5 compounds didn't follow such an obvious trend. Regarding 4 the phenolic compounds, the studied varieties are generated in greater quantities at higher temperatures (30°C) and with lower malaxation times (30 minutes). Therefore, an inverse correlation in the formation of these two groups of minor compounds has been observed. The sensory quality of oils made with main varieties is widely evaluated and recognized. However, virgin olive oils obtained from varieties not classified until now may have different characteristics, and even exceed them. If this is proved, it could not only facilitate the development of monovarietal (one) oils of these minority varieties but it could also result in new oil by co-crushing leading varieties and/ or their blend of oils. In developing these new oils, co-crushing the olives Brava/Mansa, Arbequina or Picual and the oil blend significantly increased the main odorant series comprising the sensory profile of the oil and, at the same time, their functionality because of the increase of phenolic compounds. Regarding the functionality of the oil, the European Commission recently approved the health claim submission, "olive oil polyphenols contribute to the protection of blood lipids from oxidative stress" to those olive oils which contain at least 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives per 20 grams of olive oil. The functionality of these oils could be enhanced if it is demonstrated that these values are achieved and if, at the same time, a simple and fast tool for quantification that can be offered to the olive sector is developed. The results obtained from a simple and validated analytical protocol showed that oils made from Brava/Mansa olives meet the requirements of the framework of the European Union to indicate on the label, surpassing even the threshold set in the legislation.

Introduction -- Part I. Old Age in Contemporary Western Societies : Chapter One. Varieties of Experience in the "Seventh Age" / Patricia Thane -- Chapter Two. "Semi-collective Housing" and Self-managed Co-housing, between the Empowerment of the Aged and the Denial of the Fragility Associated with Age / Cécile Rosenfelder -- Part II. Old Age in the Renaissance, in England and Spain : Chapter Three. Old Age in Thomas More's Works: From a Poetical to a Spiritual Interpretation / Isabelle Bore -- Chapter Four. Old Age in the Works of Quevedo / Paloma Otaola Gonzalez -- Chapter Five. Old Age in Spanish Doctrinal Texts, from the Late Middle-Ages to the Seventeenth Century / Christine Orobitg -- Part III. The Representation of Old Age on Screen and in the Media : Chapter Six. The Mother-in-law and the Wise Old Man: Representing Old Age, Figuring Social Harmony in Contemporary Chinese TV Drama / Justine Rochot -- Chapter Seven. Ageing Popular Music Artists: French Newspaper Coverage of the Âge Tendre et Têtes de Bois Nostalgia Tour / Christopher Tinker -- Chapter Eight. Dracula: The Horror of Old Age, the Nightmare of Eternal Life / Gaëtane Plottier -- Part IV: The Experience of Old Age in Auto(fiction) : Chapter Nine. Female Ageing and the Fantastic in A.S. Byatt's Short Stories / Emilie Walezak -- Chapter Ten. The "Old Ox", the Old Queen", and the "Whale in a Pail of Water": Postcolonial Portraits of Old Age / Florence Labaune-Demeule -- Chapter Eleven. Two Irish Mature Voices on a Quest for Equanimity / Vanina Jobert-Martini -- Chapter Twelve. Winter Journal: The Chronicles of an Author and his Characters' Ageing Foretold / Marie Thévenon -- Contributors.

This paper is a contribution of the area of linguistic policies to the discussion of linguistic rights of speakers of minority languages in Brazil. The text, bilingual in Portuguese and Hunsrückisch, one of the varieties of German immigration languages spoken in Brazil, was presented by the authors (as native speakers and translators), in the Legislative Seminar on Creation of the Book of Language Registers, organized by the Institute of National Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), Institute of Investigation and Development in Linguistic Policies (IPOL) and Education and Culture Committee of the Chamber of Representatives, in Brasília, on March 2006. The idea of the Book of Languages contributes to the recognition of Brazilian linguistic diversity, represented by approximately 210 languages, from which 180 are autochthonous (indigenous) and around 30 are allochthonous (of immigration). Its recognition as an immaterial (virtual) cultural heritage is seem as an important act in favor of speakers' linguistic rights and against linguistic prejudice that comes along with the use of minority languages in contact with the Portuguese language. This work is inserted in this perspective and it comes along with a supportive bibliography and a map of bilingual areas in the south of Brazil.

The nature of ethnicity -- Ethnogenesis, passionarnostʹ and the biosphere -- Varieties of ethnic interaction -- The ethnogenetic drama of Russian history -- Soviet visions of society and nature -- Ethnicity as ideology and politics -- Gumilev and the Russian nationalists -- Neo-Eurasianism and the Russian question -- The ubiquity of ethnicity -- The patron of the Turkic peoples -- Conclusion : the political significance of Gumilev