Suchergebnisse

We identify the causal effect of compulsory military service on conscripts' subse-quent labour-market outcomes by exploiting the regression-discontinuity design of the military draft in Germany during the 1950s. Unbiased estimates of military ser-vice on lifetime earnings, wages, and employment are obtained by comparing men born before July 1, 1937 (the White Cohort) who were exempted from compulsory military service to men who were born on or shortly after this threshold date and hence faced a positive probability of being drafted. We find that the putative earn-ings advantage and wage premium of those who served in the armed forces vanish when selection effects are taken into account. ; Wir identifizieren den kausalen Effekt der Wehrdienstpflicht für eingezogene Personen im Bezug auf den Arbeitsmarkt, in dem wir das regressions- discontinuity Design der Wehrpflicht in Deutschland während der 1950er untersuchen. Unverzerrte Schätzer des Wehrdienstes auf lebenslange Bezüge, Arbeitslöhne und Beschäftigung werden durch einen Vergleich von Männern erzielt, die vor dem 1. Juli 1937 (die 'Weiße Kohorte') geboren und damit von der Wehrdienstpflicht befreit waren, mit Männern, die an diesem als Grenze festgesetzten Tag oder kurz darauf geboren wurden und demzufolge eine positive Wahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen eingezogen zu werden. Als Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass der vermeintliche Einkommensvorteil und der durchschnittliche Mehrverdienst für die Personen, die dem Militär dienten, verschwinden, wenn Selektionseffekte berücksichtigt werden.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted governments to take radical measures to contain the virus and protect their citizens. These included successive restrictions on social distance, which have led to closing many enterprises in various industries and dismissing their employees. Introducing restrictions has significantly weakened many countries' economies. Stock markets have noted sharp declines. Therefore, public protection has led to severe consequences for the labour market. Attempts at defining them have been undertaken in the body of literature. However, they focus mainly on analysing selected indicators. According to the authors, it is worth analysing the correlation between the number of deaths as the variable that best reflects the disease's severity and selected unemployment rates. It was assumed that the number of deaths is a factor significantly distinguishing the periods before and after the pandemic. Therefore, it is possible to assess the correlation between the pandemic and the labour market condition.

Debate held under the auspices of the Socialist Labour Party and the National Service League in Nottingham, England, Mar. 31, 1912. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Using results from the economics of organizations, shows how the military must identify talented persons, provide adequate training, and efficiently assign them to positions. Promotion and wage policy must maintain proper incentives for retention and motivation. (Abstract amended)

The book describes the social costs of conscription in the Netherlands using methods from Public Finance and Law and Economics. This analysis shows that both the tax for the population, or the subsidy for the armed forces, and the lack of scarcity considering human resources caused by the draft, brings armed forces with too many men, military and youngster at huge costs for the population. The book also shows that almost every other institution in the armed forces, like pay-schemes, selection procedures, seize of troups etc., is influenced by conscription, so that the success of a volunteer force can only be established if these institutions are changed as well. The book also includes issues like the democratic aspects of conscription, the organisation of UN-peacekeeping operations and social conscription. The book is a very valuable source for those researchers, military and politicians that face the question: military conscription or a volunteer-force?

Bibliography: leaves 173-187. ; A review of literature reveals, that three key issues underlie the debate on whether soldiers may have labour rights. The first suggests that it is socially unjust, or undemocratic, to deny soldiers the right to belong to a labour union to advance their interests as employees. The second, is that the constitutional rights of soldiers to belong to trade unions must yield to the unique nature of military service, given the need for discipline, obedience and cohesion. For the sake of national security, these rights must be curtailed. The third area of concern, is the effect of military unionisation upon the political control of the armed forces. This study sets out to analyse whether labour rights, such as the right to belong to a trade union for the purpose of collective bargaining, as well as the right to strike, can be extended to soldiers without undermining national security. The suggestion is made that the unique nature of the military profession, the ethical requirements of the profession, as well as the potential consequences of the abuse of the monopoly over the means of mass destruction, complicates the acceptance of a more pluralist approach to labour relations. The drift towards occupationalism, as well as the impact of certain societal trends on the military organisation, nevertheless compels the armed forces to adapt their unitarist approach to labour relations, and accept a more pluralist dispensation. The unique nature of military service complicates the acceptance of pluralist labour relations practices, and even where labour rights have been extended to soldiers, the activities of the unions or associations representing soldiers are curtailed. Against this background an assessment is made whether labour rights can be extended to soldiers in South Africa.