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Pursuant to the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order on Real Estate, the statutory obligations related to maintaining cleanliness and order on real estate – including the payment obligations resulting from the legal model of municipal waste management – have been assigned to the real estate owner. At the same time, for the purposes of this particular legal regulation, the legislator has introduced a separate definition of the real estate owner, thus including not only the owner from the civil perspective, but also other entities managing the real estate, including co-owners, perpetual usufructuaries and organizational units and persons managing or using real estate. The adoption in the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness of a broad, scope definition of the owner of real estate causes, in specific factual situations, serious doubts as to the actual scope of personal obligations under the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness. The subject of this article is to present the definition of the property owner adopted in the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness as a determinant of the scope of obligations arising from this Act.

Pursuant to the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order on Real Estate, the statutory obligations related to maintaining cleanliness and order on real estate – including the payment obligations resulting from the legal model of municipal waste management – have been assigned to the real estate owner. At the same time, for the purposes of this particular legal regulation, the legislator has introduced a separate definition of the real estate owner, thus including not only the owner from the civil perspective, but also other entities managing the real estate, including co-owners, perpetual usufructuaries and organizational units and persons managing or using real estate. The adoption in the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness of a broad, scope definition of the owner of real estate causes, in specific factual situations, serious doubts as to the actual scope of personal obligations under the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness. The subject of this article is to present the definition of the property owner adopted in the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness as a determinant of the scope of obligations arising from this Act.

Eminent critical evaluations on Machiavelli's thought discuss the Fortuna-Virtù pair. Even though such terms share well-known origins and traditions throughout Latin literary historiography, especially ancient and medieval receptions during civic humanism, their elusive features persist in Machiavelli´s arguments, enabling numerous academic debates. While the idea of Virtù maintain its ambivalence and ambiguity throughout these relevant and varied textual evidences, continual pursuits for clarification are made throughout the Florentine secretary's corpus, associating the term with other important and central concepts, e.g., desiderio, stato, forza. Political instabilities, forces beyond human control, unpredictability of civil actions are recurring themes in Machiavelli's conceptions of Fortune. In open dialogue with civic humanists who emphasize a crescent political and social participation, blending rational reflections, moral consideration, as well as discussions about different forms of regimes, this author exposes a historiographical conception, reinvigorating ancient traditions, in the creation of a civil order. This demands Virtù, a personal and public commitment in the exaltation of human potentialities and limits. Reinserting the relevance of a parity between Fortuna and Virtù in Machiavelli is a relevant step for avoiding anachronistic readings. Thus, the most significant examples of civic founders and maintainers of civic order are investigated, e.g., Romulo, Numa, Moses, Cesare Borgia, Castruccio Castracani. By studying the images of Fortune, in face of Machiavelli´s political and anthropological conceptions, the argumentative development of some main ideas of this famous political thinker sustains the centrality of the Virtù-Fortuna dyad.

This article explores the nature of instructional communication in responding to crisis situations. Through the lens of chaos theory, the relevance of instructional messages in restoring order is established. This perspective is further advanced through an explanation of how various learning styles impact the receptivity of various instructional messages during the acute phase of crises. We then summarize an exploratory study focusing on the relationship between learning styles and the demands of instructional messages in crisis situations. We conclude the article with a series of conclusions and implications.