Suchergebnisse

In the European Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is affected by multiple asymmetries arising from the need for flexibility in the integration strategy with respect to those matters connected with the hard core of State sovereignty. This "variable geometry" has a signifcant impact on the development of a coherent status for third country nationals through a genuine Common Immigration Policy. The particular situation of Gibraltar is very illustrative in this respect, because here, the specifcities of its status both in relation to EU law and international law converge with a differentiated approach to the Schengen acquis, and with an opt-out to the Common Migration Policy. This article discusses some of the disruptions caused by variable integration in the AFSJ, in light of the particular example of the situation of Moroccan workers in Gibraltar, in relation to which this amalgam of legal specifcities has resulted in a situation of reduced mobility and isolation from some positive legal developments in the feld of the Common Migration Policy. ; El Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia (ELSJ) está afectado por múltiples disimetrías que emanan de la necesidad de flexibilidad en la estrategia de integración con respecto a aquellas materias vinculadas al núcleo duro de la soberanía estatal. Esta situación de geometría variable tiene un impacto muy relevante en la elaboración de una aproximación coherente al estatuto de los nacionales de terceros estados a través de una auténtica política de inmigración común. Las particularidades de la situación de Gibraltar son muy ilustrativas a este respecto, ya que aquí, las especifcidades de su estatuto tanto en relación con el derecho de la UE como con el derecho internacional convergen con una aproximación diferenciada al acervo de Schengen y con un opting-out de la política migración común. Este artículo se centra en algunas de las disrupciones causadas por la integración diferenciada en el ELSJ, a la luz del ejemplo particular de la situación de los trabajadores marroquíes en Gibraltar, en relación a los cuales, esta amalgama de especifcidades jurídicas ha resultado en una situación de movilidad reducida y de aislamiento de los desarrollos jurídicos favorables en el ámbito de la política de inmigración común. ; L'espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice (ELSJ) est affectée par des asymétries découlant de la nécessité de souplesse dans la stratégie d'intégration à l'égard des questions liées à la souveraineté de l'État. Cette géométrie variable a un impact signifcatif sur le développement d'un status cohérent pour les ressortissants d'États tiers par le biais d'une véritable politique commune d'immigration. La situation particulière de Gibraltar est très illustrative à cet égard, étant donné que la spécifcité de sa situation par rapport au droit de l'Union et au droit international converge avec une approche différenciée vis-à-vis de l'acquis de Schengen et avec un opt-out concernant la politique d'immigration commune. Cet article vise certaines des perturbations causées par l'intégration différenciée dans l'ELSJ à la lumière de l'exemple particulier de la situation des travailleurs marocains à Gibraltar. En effet, cet amalgame de spécifcités juridiques a abouti à une situation de mobilité réduite et à l'isolement des évolutions juridiques dans le domaine de la politique commune de l'immigration.

Abstract. In the European Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is affected by multiple asymmetries arising from the need for flexibility in the integration strategy with respect to those matters connected with the hard core of State sovereignty. This "variable geometry" has a significant impact on the development of a coherent status for third country nationals through a genuine Common Immigration Policy. The particular situation of Gibraltar is very illustrative in this respect, because here, the specificities of its status both in relation to EU law and international law converge with a differentiated approach to the Schengen acquis, and with an opt-out to the Common Migration Policy. Keywords: Area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) ; Gibraltar ; Moroccan workers ; migrant workers; European migration policy; opt-out; Schengen acquis. This article discusses some of the disruptions caused by variable integration in the AFSJ, in light of the particular example of the situation of Moroccan workers in Gibraltar, in relation to which this amalgam of legal specificities has resulted in a situation of reduced mobility and isolation from some positive legal developments in the field of the Common Migration Policy. ; Los límites de la política europea de inmigración y fronteras de la UE en Gibraltar: efectos en la situación jurídica de los trabajadores marroquíes Resumen. El Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia (ELSJ) está afectado por múltiples disimetrías que emanan de la necesidad de flexibilidad en la estrategia de integración con respecto a aquellas materias vinculadas al núcleo duro de la soberanía estatal. Esta situación de geometría variable tiene un impacto muy relevante en la elaboración de una aproximación coherente al estatuto de los nacionales de terceros estados a través de una auténtica política de inmigración común. Las particularidades de la situación de Gibraltar son muy ilustrativas a este respecto, ya que aquí, las especificidades de su estatuto tanto en relación con el derecho de la UE como con el derecho internacional convergen con una aproximación diferenciada al acervo de Schengen y con un opting-out de la política migración común. Este artículo se centra en algunas de las disrupciones causadas por la integración diferenciada en el ELSJ, a la luz del ejemplo particular de la situación de los trabajadores marroquíes en Gibraltar, en relación a los cuales, esta amalgama de especificidades jurídicas ha resultado en una situación de movilidad reducida y de aislamiento de los desarrollos jurídicos favorables en el ámbito de la política de inmigración común. Palabras clave: Espacio de libertad, Seguridad y Justicia (ELSJ); Gibraltar; trabajadores migrantes; trabajadores marroquíes; política de inmigración de la Unión Europea; opt-out; acervo Schengen. ; Les limites de la politique européenne d'immigration et des frontières à Gibraltar : Effets sur la situation juridique des travailleurs marocains Résumé. L'espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice (ELSJ) est affectée par des asymétries découlant de la nécessité de souplesse dans la stratégie d'intégration à l'égard des questions liées à la souveraineté de l'État. Cette géométrie variable a un impact significatif sur le développement d'un status cohérent pour les ressortissants d'États tiers par le biais d'une véritable politique commune d'immigration. La situation particulière de Gibraltar est très illustrative à cet égard, étant donné que la spécificité de sa situation par rapport au droit de l'Union et au droit international converge avec une approche différenciée vis-à-vis de l'acquis de Schengen et avec un opt-out concernant la politique d'immigration commune. Cet article vise certaines des perturbations causées par l'intégration différenciée dans l'ELSJ à la lumière de l'exemple particulier de la situation des travailleurs marocains à Gibraltar. En effet, cet amalgame de spécifi cités juridiques a abouti à une situation de mobilité réduite et à l'isolement des évolutions juridiques dans le domaine de la politique commune de l'immigration. Mots clés : Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice (ELSJ) ; Gibraltar ; travailleurs migrants ; travailleurs marocains ; politique d'immigration de l'Union eurpéenne ; opt-out ; acquis de Schengen.

The study is concerned with the topic of nuclear liability. One might think this is a topic of the last century, but it is not. In the last few years the demand and development of nuclear power plants were enhanced due to several reasons. Especially in South Africa, the further development of nuclear power plants is planned by the government. However, nuclear energy is an ultra-hazardous energy resource which could cause huge damage to people, their property and the environment. Therefore, a comprehensive legal framework for cases of nuclear damage is needed to balance the interests of victims and the nuclear industry. A legal framework regulating the case of nuclear damage can be found in international law, as well as in most domestic legal systems of countries producing nuclear energy. Due to the fact that South Africa wants to develop its nuclear energy programme, it is interesting to examine its nuclear liability provisions closer. The study assesses the South African nuclear liability regime by comparing it with the international legal framework for nuclear liability and the German nuclear liability regime. Therefore, the study will firstly outline principles of nuclear liability, secondly analyse the most important international conventions and finally examine the crucial nuclear liability provisions in the domestic legal systems of Germany and South Africa.

War rape is a phenomenon that occurs in almost every armed conflict. The circle of victims includes not only the persons directly affected by this crime, but also their next of kin. Unwanted pregnancies as a result of wartime rape result in children who, from the moment they are born, are treated as inferior persons. Apart from marginal cases, the internal laws of individual states do not grant them any protection or compensation. For some time now, however, a change in this direction has been evident on the international stage. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the first European country which has responded to these calls and has taken steps to change the status of children from war rape.

Abstract
The Orthodox Christianity had in some respects divergent development from that of the West, which also resulted in several conceptions that might have had an impact on the contemporary legal situations in the predominantly Orthodox countries. In this contribution we aim at examining the impact of two major points of divergence. One is the cooperative Church–state separation, that is sometimes dubbed as the symphonia of the two. Another set of concepts that arguably marked Orthodox church's understanding of the rule of law, at least in its internal procedures, is the principle of leniency (oikonomia). It allows for an interpretation of the laws in the interest of the person to which those are to be applied. We want to investigate which pieces of legislation might have been affected by these considerations and whether contemporary challenges of the legal system in Serbia can be traced to some of the Orthodox doctrines. We conclude that while the contemporary Church–state relationship, as envisioned in the corresponding law of the country, demonstrates many traits that can be traced to the symphonia tradition, there is hardly any evidence that would support the claim that the decision-making processes in Serbian courts were marked by conscious application of the principle of oikonomia.

The Orthodox Christianity had in some respects divergent development from that of the West, which also resulted in several conceptions that might have had an impact on the contemporary legal situations in the predominantly Orthodox countries. In this contribution we aim at examining the impact of two major points of divergence. One is the cooperative Church–state separation, that is sometimes dubbed as the symphonia of the two. Another set of concepts that arguably marked Orthodox church's understanding of the rule of law, at least in its internal procedures, is the principle of leniency (oikonomia). It allows for an interpretation of the laws in the interest of the person to which those are to be applied. We want to investigate which pieces of legislation might have been affected by these considerations and whether contemporary challenges of the legal system in Serbia can be traced to some of the Orthodox doctrines. We conclude that while the contemporary Church–state relationship, as envisioned in the corresponding law of the country, demonstrates many traits that can be traced to the symphonia tradition, there is hardly any evidence that would support the claim that the decision-making processes in Serbian courts were marked by conscious application of the principle of oikonomia.

The Institute for Archaeological Studies of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, organized a conference on legal issues concerning archaeology and theft of antiquities. This meeting was stimulated by the German statute (Kulturgüterrückgabegesetz version of May 18, 2007) implementing the UNESCO convention of November 14, 1970, the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Archaeologists are afraid that the new legal regime might encourage thieves and art dealers to localize their activities in Germany. Michael Müller-Karpe of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum in Mainz, Germany, articulated these fears. Five reports on tomb robbery in Africa (Peter Breunig), Europe (Rüdiger Krause), Mediterranean countries (Hans-Markus von Kaenel, Wulf Raeck), and the Near East (Jan-Waalke Meyer) gave a bleak picture of contemporary dangers to archaeological sites and archaeological objects. Kurt Siehr gave the paper, "Legal Aspects of the Protection of Cultural Property," stressing that the ratification and implementation of the 1970 UNESCO convention will improve the protection of cultural property in Germany. However, he also emphasized that the implementing statute could have provided stronger measures: Germany should ratify the UNIDROIT Convention of June 24, 1995, on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects as already urged by most German archaeologists and museums.