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The wooden vases of the Andean Colonial Period stand out for their symbolism and polychromy, gathering iconographic elements typical of the American pre-Hispanic idiosyncrasy in a design structure that finds similarities with the European Baroque. This network of signs reflects the complex reality of the Inca elites, with whom the use of keros is linked, in the new political and social context imposed by the Colonial order. In this work we present the analysis of 10 wooden vases coming from Cusco, deposited in the Museum of La Plata (Argentina). We propose that its iconography constitute an alternative form to the orality for the reproduction of the collective memory and the strengthening of the indigenous identities. ; Los vasos de madera del período Colonial andino destacan por su simbolismo y policromía, reuniendo elementos iconográficos propios de la idiosincrasia prehispánica americana en una estructura del diseño que encuentra similitudes con el barroco europeo. Este entramado de signos refleja la compleja realidad de las elites incaicas –con quienes se vincula la utilización de los queros–, en el nuevo contexto político y social impuesto por el orden colonial. En este trabajo presentamos el análisis de 10 vasos de madera procedentes del Cusco, depositados en el Museo de La Plata (Argentina). Proponemos que la gráfica de estas piezas constituye una forma alternativa a la oralidad para la reproducción de la memoria colectiva y el fortalecimiento de las identidades indígenas. ; Fil: Paez, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Arqueología; Argentina ; Fil: Minichelli, Bianca. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina ; Fil: Joosten, Guillermo German. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Arqueología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Forgnone, Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina

We use a sensemaking lens to illuminate the micro-processes underlying socially embedded transactions, investigating how social ties affect the logic of exchange governing the transaction. In transcripts of 87 two-party negotiations, we find that most pairs quickly coordinate a shared logic of exchange and improvise in accord with its implied rules throughout their interaction. The improvisations take the form of opening up, working together, or haggling. Negotiators turn to three dynamic processes—trust testing, process clarification, and emotional punctuation—when they have difficulty moving the interaction toward a coherent, mutually agreed upon improvisation. We examine in detail the few asymmetric negotiations, which do not involve a shared logic of exchange. Social ties ease coordination within the negotiation and nearly eliminate asymmetry. We explore how an understanding of the micro-processes underlying negotiations reveals the underpinnings of market exchange.

This article presents a reflection on the gender violence raised by Hate Speech, based on the thoughts of Judith Butler, as well as the concepts of gender and performativity. After initially presenting these concepts, the text focuses on explaining some of the different forms of gender violence, such as: sexual harassment; domestic; policy; moral harassment; homophobia; transphobia and femicide. Next, and as a result of the issues raised, the text continues reflecting on the possibilities of resistance and combating such violence.

Description based on: Vol. 16, no. 1 (Mar. 31, 1947); title from cover. ; "Inventory of information from U.S. government Foreign Service offices and other sources." ; Volume designations end with v. 28 (1959). ; Mode of access: Internet.

This study examines the benefits and costs of selected policy options for increasing fuelwood supplies or decreasing fuelwood demand in Hoima district, Uganda. On the supply side, a benefit-cost analysis is done on a government sponsored tree farming project. In order to reduce the demand for fuelwood, two demand-side options are considered, namely, introduction of an improved energy-efficient woodstove, and the substitution of a kerosene stove for a traditional woodstove. Greater understanding of the linkages among these factors requires a systems approach. We have proposed such an approach using a non-linear dynamic programming model to explore the system behaviour of forest degradation. Our results show that tree-farming is one of the possible approaches to increase the supply of fuelwood (energy), while the woodstoves and kerosene substitution are policies that reduce the demand for fuelwood. This helps to alleviate the rural energy shortage and take some pressure off existing protected forest areas. The tree cover in the forest areas declined by 6% in the BASE scenario, 4.8 % in POPG scenario and 4.7% in TECH scenario, indicating an overall trend of forest degradation in the Hoima district under each of these scenarios. Reductions in the population growth rate, introduction of improved agricultural technology and increase in the prices of major agricultural crops can help slow down the rates of forest decline. This study does not attempt to analyse the wider energy planning program that would be needed to understand accurately the various alternatives available in Uganda.

Mi interés por el análisis del muralismo político en relación del arte pluralista contemporáneo, nace de mi práctica artística y la respuesta colectiva a este arte que visibiliza el devenir de los pueblos. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar acerca de la función socio-comunicacional y reflexiva del mural histórico-político. La hipótesis plantea que la práctica del pluralismo, tendencia de la contemporaneidad, difiere con el espíritu de la inclusión de las memorias sociales de Latinoamérica por pasar por alto la identidad cultural que son particulares y diversas, la unificación cultural y las prácticas artísticas son un irrespeto a la identidad de los pueblos. La metodología está desarrollada en la investigación bibliográfica de pensadores universales y latinoamericanos que defienden y justifican un arte que se desarrolle principalmente dentro de los valores culturales del medio que los genera. La conclusión general se refiere a la importancia que tiene el arte mural histórico-político en la sociedad para que el espectador pueda reflexionar sobre los acontecimientos que han marcado la historia nacional e incidir en su pensamiento que marcarán sus acciones futuras. ; My interest in the analysis of political murals in relation to the pluralistic contemporary art arose from my art practice and the collective response to this art that visualizes the evolution of the civilizations. The objective of this work is to investigate the role of the socio-communicative and reflective of historical-political mural. The hypothesis is that the practice of pluralism in the contemporary trend differs from the spirit of the inclusion of Latin American social memories by overlooking cultural identity that are unique and diverse cultural unification; artistic practices constitute a disrespect to the identity of people. The methodology is developed on the literature of universal and Latin American thinkers who defend and justify an art that is primarily within the cultural values of the medium that generates them. The general conclusion regards the importance of the historical-political mural art in society in order for the viewer to think about the events that have marked the country's history and influence the thinking that will shape his future actions.

The goal of Government Policy on converting the utilization of kerosene to LPG is to reduce kerosene consumption and fuel oil subsidy. As kerosene has higher pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions rather than LPG, the program also has impact on reducing those emissions that would lead to improving indoor air quality. Higher energy efficiency of LPG stove and more reserve production ratio (R/P) of gas can be attributed to the advantages of utilization of LPG. Indirectly, the conversion kerosene to LPG has another impact on reducing illegal blending between gasoline or diesel with kerosene for transportation sector. The program not only has economical advantages, but also has environmental advantages.Key words: LPG, kerosene, fuel oil subsidy, energy efficiency, indoor air quality

Objectives: The aim of this research is to conclude the various factors which are engaged in serious intoxication in children. This work also concludes the time duration between the intake of the toxic agent and report of patient at clinic with documentation of the results. Methodology: The research work was carried out in the Government THQ Indus Hospital Manawan Lahore and BHU Pakpattan in the duration from November 2017 to May 2018. One hundred patients with intoxication and kerosine oil poisoning is maximum than opiate and organophosphorus were included in the research. Their treatment history, time duration between the eating of the disease agent and report at the clinic and hospital results after treatment were documented. Results: Most of the patients were less than 6 year of age. Sixty nine percent participants were male and thirty one percent were the female participants. kerosene oil intoxication was the most common cause of this disease. Opiate was forming its seventeen percent and organo-phosphorus was taking part in fifteen percent sufferings. The patients from city areas were 53% and patients from the non urban areas were 47%. About 47% patients were taken to the hospital within one hour after the start of disease. Thirty eight percent patients were brought to the hospital from one hour to six hour after the disease and twenty two percent patients were admitted after six hours. The patients who got complete recovery from hospital were 94% but remaining died during admission in the hospital. Conclusion: AP (acute poisoning) is very dangerous disease which comes under emergency. This disease has a very great impact on the unhealthy condition and can lead to death the small age patients. The most important victim of the serious intoxication among the children is toddlers. Organo-phosphorus, opiate and different types of drugs are the cause agents of this disease. The medical outcomes are not well in the patients who are suffering of corrosives poisoning. Key Words: AP, Toddlers, Kerosene oil, Opiate, ...

In order to decrease subsidy cost of kerosene consumption, Indonesian government right now proposes to convert kerosene to LPG. Consequently, the price of kerosene is expensive in society. LPG can be alternatively used as fuel for the petromax lamp. The use of LPG for the petromax lamp fuel is strongly recommended for sidewalk food sellers as source of light at night if the electricity source is not available. Therefore, it is important to investigate some advantages of the use of LPG as replacing of kerosene for the petromax lamp. The performance of the petromax lamp using LPG as fuel had been carried out with parameters: rate of fuel consumption and light intensity, representing to the need of energy consumption. In the view of economic, the performance of the petromax lamp using LPG was also compared with the performance of petromax lamp using kerosene. The results show that the use of LPG is more clearly efficiency than those of use of kerosene. The fuel energy needed by the petromax lamp to generate lighting is around 224.87MJ/h for kerosene and 213.24 MJ/h for LPG. The energy consumption of LPG is decreased by a factor of 1.05. Economically, the comparison of the price between kerosene and LPG is very significant. The price of kerosene consumption per hour was approximate Rp.941.00, whereas the price of LPG consumption per hour was approximate Rp. 368.00. This shows that if the petromax lamp is operated using LPG for 6 h, the seller foods can save around of Rp 3,438.00. Keywords: petromax lamp, kerosene, LPG, energy consumption.

The increasing of Indonesian population over years (2,6 million per years) causing increasing demand of energy as something that cannot be avoided. Energy reserve is running low in Indonesia. Energy crisis, which happen in this time, trigger some problems that need new policy especially in public policy. One of step from the government to overcome kerosene crisis is convertion program from kerosene to LPG with purpose to decrease dependence of society about kerosene. The main objective of this research was to analyze the mother's response of cerosene convertion program to LPG in Bogor Regency. The method of this research was cross sectional study with 80 samples. Analysis data which used was Pearson's Correlation and Linear Regression. The results of this research showed that those of samples who used LPG have high acceptance level. Higher using of LPG by samples tended to the higher chanced of sample's stress. There was tendency that samples who did not use LPG so they would not had more stress. There was negative correlation between per capita incomes and quantities of family with acceptance level. Despite of that, only per capita incomes and acceptance level of samples which influenced on coping strategy.

This paper analyses cooking fuel consumption by urban households in Ogun State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for this study. At the first stage, primary data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 160 households drawn from a purposive selection of four urban local government areas. The second stage involved the random selection of four wards from each of the four urban local government areas and at the third stage, ten households were randomly sampled in each of the sixteen wards. However, only 150 respondents who completed all the questionnaire items were actually used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and Multinomial Logit Regression were used for data analysis. Results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 45years. Per capita income of the household was Naira 79,268 per month while the mean household size was 5 persons. The sources of fuel consumed were kerosene by 55.00% of the respondents, gas was by 37.00% of the respondents and charcoal was by 8.00% of the respondent. Multinomial logit regression results revealed that the probability of household using gas as against kerosene was influenced by household size (p<0.05) and expenditure on fuel (p<0.01), while the use of charcoal against kerosene were influenced by household size (p<0.01) and expenditure on fuel (p<0.05). The study concluded that household head income, household size and occupation of the spouse were major determinants of cooking fuel choice in the study area. The study recommended improvement of household income and sensitization on the use of gas in order to reduce the risk of usage.

Purpose: Cooking energy is an essential requirement of any human dwelling. With the recent upsurge in petroleum prices coupled with intrinsic volatility of international oil markets, it is fast turning into a politico-socio-economic dilemma for countries like India to sustain future subsidies on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of various cooking fuel options, namely LPG (NG), LPG (CO), kerosene, coal, electricity, firewood, crop residue, dung cake, charcoal, and biogas, in the Indian context. The purpose of this study is to find environmentally suitable alternatives to LPG and kerosene for rural and urban areas of the country. Methods: The study assessed the cooking fuel performance on 13 ReCiPe environmental impact categories using the life cycle assessment methodology. The study modeled the system boundary for each fuel based on the Indian scenario and prepared a detailed life cycle inventory for each cooking fuel taking 1 GJ of heat energy transferred to cooking pot as the functional unit. Results and discussion: The cooking fuels with the lowest life cycle environmental impacts are biogas followed by LPG, kerosene, and charcoal. The environmental impacts of using LPG are about 15 to 18 % lower than kerosene for most environmental impact categories. LPG derived from natural gas has about 20 to 30 % lower environmental impact than LPG derived from crude oil. Coal and dung cake have the highest environmental impacts because of significant contributions to climate change and particulate formation, respectively. Charcoal produced from renewable wood supply performs better than kerosene on most impact categories except photochemical oxidation, where its contribution is 19 times higher than kerosene. Conclusions: Biogas and charcoal can be viewed as potentially sustainable cooking fuel options in the Indian context because of their environmental benefits and other associated co-benefits such as land farming, local employment opportunities, and skill development. The study concluded that kerosene, biogas, and charcoal for rural areas and LPG, kerosene, and biogas for urban areas have the lower environmental footprint among the chosen household cooking fuels in the study.