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What predicts attempts at judicial reform? We develop a broad, generalizable framework that both explains and predicts attempts at judicial reform. Specifically, we explore the political tug of war created by the polarization between the bar and political actors, in tandem with existing judicial selection mechanisms. The more liberal the bar and the more conservative political actors, the greater the incentive political actors will have to introduce ideology into judicial selection. (And, vice versa, the more conservative the bar and the more liberal political actors, the greater incentive political actors will have to introduce ideology into judicial selection.) Understanding this dynamic, we argue, is key to both explaining and predicting attempts at judicial reform. For example, under most ideological configurations, conservatives will, depending on how liberal they perceive the bar to be, push reform efforts toward partisan elections and executive appointments, while liberals will work to maintain merit-oriented commissions. We explore the contours of this predictive framework with three in-depth, illustrative case studies: Florida in 2001, Kansas in the 2010s, and North Carolina in 2016.

Discusses the challenge of judicial reform in Latin America, emphasizing its importance to establishing democracy. Public & legal sector perceptions of Latin America's troubled judiciary include society's lack of confidence, high cost of access, institutional inertia, & corruption at all levels. Continued state extortion combined with current neoliberal market forces have aggravated these problems, with low wages, bad working conditions, & questionable judge appointments all increasing corruption incentives. A framework for reform proposes stratified court systems to increase accessibility & overcome delays, a standardized disciplinary code, improved law schools, use of judicial councils, & incorporation of dispute resolution mechanisms. Adapted from the source document.

Work on judicial reform in the Kingdom of Poland began at the end of 1864 amid the aftermath of the defeated January 1863 uprising and the resulting gradual abolition of the country's legal and political separation from Russia. It was decided that the Russian Judicial Laws of 1864 were to be implemented in the Kingdom, yet all of their solutions providing for the society's participation in administering justice were removed during the twelve years long legislative process. Jury trial was abandoned, the election of justices of the peace replaced with their appointment, and the irremovability of judges was severely restricted. Also, the bar did not receive any autonomy. The goal behind the judicial reform in the Kingdom was not only unifying its judiciary with that of Russia but also its Russification. Russian became the official language of the courts and the newly appointed judges were to be Russian lawyers. On the other hand, an undeniable improvement was brought about by the introduction of Russian civil and criminal procedure in the Kingdom. The former remained in force in the central and eastern parts of the independent Polish state until 1933 and the latter until 1929.

En este artículo, a consideración del autor, se analiza en primer lugar el tema de la justicia, estimándose un planteamiento de cuatro hipótesis. Asimismo se realiza un estudio sobre el surgimiento de la justicia y los propósitos frustrados de ciudadanos voluntariosos colaboradores en los problemas judiciales y otros. Además se menciona la ubicación del juzgador oficial republicano y un tópico de la organización demográfica de la sociedad y la reforma judicial. Entretanto, se expone lo concerniente a los antecedentes constitucionales de respeto a los bienes de las comunidades campesinas. Igualmente, se describe una muestra del maltrato tradicional a las etnias; y la vigencia de dos formas de justicia en el país. Se confronta los avances y las contramarchas en materia judicial de nuestros gobiernos y representantes en nuestro congreso. Se explica la necesidad de convivir con nuestra realidad multinacional. Además se enumeran las evidencias judiciales en el país, y otras causas de nuestras sucesivas crisis judiciales oficiales. Es más, se analizan los defectos en la tramitación de los procesos civiles y penales. Por último se explican algunas virtudes que encontramos en la justicia rondera. ; This article analyses the issue of justice focusing on four hypotheses. Likewise there is a description of the emerging system of justice and failures of the collaborators in terms of judicial matters. Besides, it is mentioned the place of the court republican officer and the demographic organization of the society and judicial reform. Also, it is stated the legal background and respect for rural communities. The violence against ethnic groups and the validity of the justice throughout the country are described as well. A contrast between the advances and setbacks in judicial matters of the different governments and representatives of the parliament are also presented, an explanation of the need to live with our national identity is given. And finally there are judicial evidences numbered and the causes of the constant judicial crisis.

Judicial reform is essential in Latin America today where countries lack the legal systems needed to secure democratic rule and facilitate foreign political and economic relations in the emerging world of competition and interaction between nations. Indeed, the crisis in the Latin judiciary today is so profound that it may precipitate reforms that otherwise would be impossible. In this article, we offer new data on views from within judicial sectors and society at large. We discuss judicial and nonjudicial problems, including institutional inertia and traditional beliefs, and propose reforms needed to bring justice to all levels of society by enhancing efficiency and reducing the predatory role of the state, including the bribe culture within the public sector. We consider the expected costs and benefits both for the people in general and for government officials and politicians, the latter constituting essential considerations if reforms are to be realistic and stand any chance of being enacted.